amakuru

Imashini nimwe mubintu bikoreshwa cyane kubibaho byumuzunguruko. Nkuko umubare wibikoresho bya elegitoronike (kuva kuri terefone igendanwa ukageza ku modoka) ukomeje kwiyongera, niko no gukenera ubushobozi. Icyorezo cya Covid 19 cyahungabanije urwego rwogutanga ibikoresho ku isi kuva mu gice cya semiconductor kugera ku bice bya pasiporo, kandi capacator zabuze1.
Ibiganiro ku ngingo ya capacator birashobora guhinduka mubitabo cyangwa inkoranyamagambo. Ubwa mbere, hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa capacator, nka capacitori ya electrolytike, capacitori ya firime, ceramic capacator nibindi. Noneho, mubwoko bumwe, hariho ibikoresho bitandukanye bya dielectric. Hariho kandi ibyiciro bitandukanye. Kubijyanye nimiterere yumubiri, hariho ubwoko bubiri-butatu nubwoko butatu bwa capacitor. Hariho na capacitor yo mu bwoko bwa X2Y, mubyukuri ni couple ya Y capacator ikubiye muri imwe. Tuvuge iki kuri supercapacator? Ukuri nuko, niba wicaye ugatangira gusoma capacitori yo guhitamo ibicuruzwa biva mubikorwa bikomeye, urashobora kumara umunsi byoroshye!
Kubera ko iyi ngingo ivuga ibyibanze, nzakoresha ubundi buryo nkuko bisanzwe. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ubuyobozi bwo gutoranya ubushobozi burashobora kuboneka byoroshye kurubuga rwabatanga 3 na 4, kandi abashinzwe imirima barashobora gusubiza ibibazo byinshi bijyanye na capacator. Muri iyi ngingo, ntabwo nzasubiramo ibyo ushobora gusanga kuri enterineti, ariko nzerekana uburyo bwo guhitamo no gukoresha capacator ukoresheje ingero zifatika. Bimwe mubintu bitazwi cyane byo gutoranya ubushobozi, nka capacitance degradation, nabyo bizasuzumwa. Nyuma yo gusoma iyi ngingo, ugomba kumva neza imikoreshereze ya capacator.
Mu myaka yashize, ubwo nakoraga muri societe ikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, twagize ikibazo cyo kubaza injeniyeri yamashanyarazi. Ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'ibicuruzwa bihari, tuzabaza abashobora kuba abakandida “Ni ubuhe butumwa bwa DC ihuza ubushobozi bwa electrolytike?” na "Ni ubuhe butumwa bwa capacitori ceramic iherereye iruhande rwa chip?" Turizera ko igisubizo cyukuri ari capacitor ya DC ikoreshwa mububiko bwingufu, capacitor ceramic zikoreshwa mugushungura.
Igisubizo "gikwiye" dushaka mubyukuri cyerekana ko abantu bose bagize itsinda ryabashushanyije bareba ubushobozi bwa capacitori muburyo bworoshye bwumuzunguruko, ntabwo bivuye mubitekerezo bya sisitemu. Ingingo yo kubona ibitekerezo byumuzunguruko ntabwo yibeshye. Mugihe gito (kuva kHz nkeya kugeza kuri MHz nkeya), ibitekerezo byumuzunguruko birashobora gusobanura neza ikibazo. Ibi ni ukubera ko kuri frequency yo hasi, ibimenyetso biri muburyo butandukanye. Dukoresheje inyigisho zumuzunguruko, turashobora kubona ubushobozi bwa capacitori bwerekanwe mubishusho 1, aho urwego ruhwanye rwirwanya (ESR) hamwe na induction ya seriveri ihwanye (ESL) bituma inzitizi ya capacitor ihinduka hamwe na frequence.
Iyi moderi isobanura neza imikorere yumuzunguruko iyo umuziki uhinduwe buhoro. Ariko, uko inshuro ziyongera, ibintu bigenda birushaho kuba ingorabahizi. Igihe kimwe, ibice bitangira kwerekana kutari umurongo. Iyo inshuro ziyongereye, moderi yoroshye ya LCR ifite aho igarukira.
Uyu munsi, iyo mbajijwe ikibazo kimwe cyabajijwe, nambara ibirahuri byanjye byo kureba indorerwamo nkavuga ko ubwoko bwombi bwa capacitori ari ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu. Itandukaniro nuko ubushobozi bwa electrolytike bushobora kubika ingufu nyinshi kuruta ubushobozi bwa ceramic. Ariko kubijyanye no gukwirakwiza ingufu, ubushobozi bwa ceramic burashobora kohereza ingufu vuba. Ibi birasobanura impamvu ubushobozi bwa ceramic bugomba gushyirwa kuruhande rwa chip, kubera ko chip ifite inshuro nyinshi zo guhinduranya no kwihuta ugereranije n’umuriro w'amashanyarazi.
Dufatiye kuri iyi ngingo, turashobora gusobanura gusa imikorere ibiri yimikorere ya capacator. Imwe ni imbaraga zingana ubushobozi bushobora kubika, naho ubundi nuburyo izo mbaraga zishobora kwimurwa vuba. Byombi biterwa nuburyo bwo gukora bwa capacitor, ibikoresho bya dielectric, guhuza na capacitor, nibindi.
Iyo switch mu muzunguruko ifunze (reba Ishusho 2), byerekana ko umutwaro ukeneye ingufu ziva mumashanyarazi. Umuvuduko iyi switch ifunga igena byihutirwa ingufu zikenewe. Kubera ko ingufu zigenda ku muvuduko wurumuri (kimwe cya kabiri cyumuvuduko wumucyo mubikoresho bya FR4), bisaba igihe cyo kohereza ingufu. Mubyongeyeho, hariho impedance idahuye hagati yisoko n'umurongo wohereza hamwe n'umutwaro. Ibi bivuze ko ingufu zitazigera zoherezwa murugendo rumwe, ariko murugendo rwinshi ruzenguruka5, niyo mpamvu iyo switch ihinduwe vuba, tuzabona gutinda no kuvuza impinduramatwara.
Igishushanyo 2: Bifata igihe kugirango ingufu zikwirakwira mu kirere; impedance idahuye itera ingendo nyinshi zo guhererekanya ingufu.
Kuba gutanga ingufu bifata igihe ningendo nyinshi zizenguruka bitubwira ko dukeneye kwimura ingufu hafi zishoboka kumuzigo, kandi tugomba gushaka uburyo bwo kuyitanga vuba. Iya mbere isanzwe igerwaho mugabanya intera igaragara hagati yumutwaro, guhinduranya na capacitor. Iheruka igerwaho mugukusanya itsinda rya capacator hamwe na impedance ntoya.
Inyigisho yo murwego nayo isobanura igitera urusaku rusanzwe. Muri make, urusaku rusanzwe rusohoka iyo ingufu zumutwaro zitujujwe mugihe cyo guhinduranya. Kubwibyo, ingufu zibitswe mumwanya uri hagati yumuzigo hamwe nuyobora hafi zizatangwa kugirango dushyigikire intambwe. Umwanya uri hagati yumuzigo hamwe nuyobora hafi nicyo twita parasitike / ubushobozi bwa mutuelle (reba Ishusho 2).
Twifashishije ingero zikurikira kugirango twerekane uburyo bwo gukoresha capacitori ya electrolytike, capacitori ceramic ceramic (MLCC), hamwe na capacitori ya firime. Byombi byumuzunguruko hamwe nibisobanuro byifashishwa mugusobanura imikorere ya capacator zatoranijwe.
Imashanyarazi ya electrolytike ikoreshwa cyane cyane muri DC ihuza nkisoko nyamukuru yingufu. Guhitamo ubushobozi bwa electrolytike akenshi biterwa na:
Kubikorwa bya EMC, ibintu byingenzi biranga capacator ni impedance nibiranga inshuro. Umuyoboro muke uyobora imyuka ihora biterwa nimikorere ya DC ihuza ubushobozi.
Inzitizi ya DC ihuza ntabwo iterwa gusa na ESR na ESL ya capacitor gusa, ahubwo biterwa nubuso bwumuriro wumuriro, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3. Agace kanini k’umuriro gisobanura ko guhererekanya ingufu bifata igihe kirekire, bityo imikorere bizagira ingaruka.
Intambwe-hasi DC-DC ihindura yubatswe kugirango ibyemeze. Ikizamini cya EMC mbere yo kubahiriza cyerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 4 gikora scan yoherejwe hagati ya 150kHz na 108MHz.
Ni ngombwa kwemeza ko ubushobozi bukoreshwa muri ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe buturuka ku ruganda rumwe kugirango birinde itandukaniro mubiranga inzitizi. Mugihe ugurisha ubushobozi bwa PCB, menya neza ko nta burebure burebure, kuko ibi bizongera ESL ya capacitor. Igicapo 5 cerekana ibice bitatu.
Ibisubizo byanduye byakozwe muri ibi bikoresho bitatu byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 6. Birashobora kugaragara ko, ugereranije na capacitori imwe ya 680 µF, ubushobozi bwa 330 µF bugera ku bikorwa byo kugabanya urusaku rwa 6 dB hejuru yumurongo mugari.
Duhereye kubitekerezo byumuzunguruko, birashobora kuvugwa ko muguhuza capacator ebyiri murwego rumwe, ESL na ESR byombi bigabanijwemo kabiri. Duhereye ku myumvire yo mu murima, ntabwo isoko imwe yingufu zonyine, ariko amasoko abiri yingufu zitangwa kumutwaro umwe, bikagabanya neza igihe cyo kohereza ingufu muri rusange. Nyamara, kuri frequency nyinshi, itandukaniro riri hagati ya capacator ebyiri 330 µF na capacitor imwe 680 µF izagabanuka. Ni ukubera ko urusaku rwinshi rwerekana imbaraga zidahagije zo gusubiza. Iyo twimuye capacitor ya 330 µF hafi ya switch, tugabanya igihe cyo kohereza ingufu, byongera neza igisubizo cyintambwe ya capacitor.
Ibisubizo bitubwira isomo ryingenzi. Kongera ubushobozi bwa capacitori imwe muri rusange ntabwo bizashyigikira intambwe isaba ingufu nyinshi. Niba bishoboka, koresha utuntu duto duto duto duto. Hariho impamvu nyinshi nziza zibitera. Iya mbere ni ikiguzi. Mubisanzwe tuvuze, kubunini bwa paki imwe, igiciro cya capacitori cyiyongera cyane hamwe nubushobozi bwa capacitance. Gukoresha capacitor imwe birashobora kuba bihenze kuruta gukoresha capacator nyinshi. Impamvu ya kabiri ni ingano. Impamvu igabanya ibicuruzwa mubusanzwe ni uburebure bwibigize. Kubushobozi bunini bwa capacator, uburebure akenshi ni bunini cyane, butabereye gushushanya ibicuruzwa. Impamvu ya gatatu ni imikorere ya EMC twabonye mubushakashatsi.
Ikindi kintu ugomba gusuzuma mugihe ukoresheje capacitori ya electrolytique nuko mugihe uhuza capacator ebyiri murukurikirane kugirango ugabanye voltage, uzakenera kuringaniza 6.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ubushobozi bwa ceramic nibikoresho bito bishobora gutanga ingufu byihuse. Nkunze kubazwa ikibazo "Nkeneye capacitor zingahe?" Igisubizo cyiki kibazo nuko kuri capacitori ceramic, agaciro ka capacitance ntigomba kuba ingenzi. Icyitonderwa cyingenzi hano ni ukumenya inshuro umuvuduko wo kohereza ingufu zihagije kubyo usaba. Niba imyuka yakozwe yananiwe kuri 100 MHz, noneho capacitor ifite impedance ntoya kuri 100 MHz izaba ihitamo ryiza.
Ubu ni ubundi kutumva neza MLCC. Nabonye injeniyeri zikoresha imbaraga nyinshi zihitamo capacitori ya ceramic hamwe na ESR yo hasi na ESL mbere yo guhuza capacator na point de RF ikoresheje inzira ndende. Birakwiye ko tuvuga ko ESL ya MLCC mubusanzwe iri hasi cyane kurenza inductance ihuza kubibaho. Kwihuza kwihuza biracyari ikintu cyingenzi cyane kigira ingaruka kumurongo mwinshi wa capacitori ceramic7.
Igicapo 7 kirerekana urugero rubi. Inzira ndende (santimetero 0,5 z'uburebure) zitangiza byibura 10nH inductance. Igisubizo cyigero cyerekana ko impedance ya capacitor iba hejuru cyane kurenza uko byari byateganijwe kuri frequency (50 MHz).
Kimwe mubibazo na MLCCs nuko bakunda kumvikana nuburyo bwa inductive ku kibaho. Ibi birashobora kugaragara murugero rwerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 8, aho ikoreshwa rya 10 µF MLCC ritangiza resonance hafi 300 kHz.
Urashobora kugabanya resonance uhitamo ibice hamwe na ESR nini cyangwa ugashyira gusa résistoriste ntoya (nka 1 ohm) murukurikirane hamwe na capacitor. Ubu bwoko bwuburyo bukoresha ibice byabuze kugirango uhagarike sisitemu. Ubundi buryo nugukoresha ubundi bushobozi agaciro kugirango wimure resonance kumurongo wo hasi cyangwa muremure.
Ubushobozi bwa firime bukoreshwa mubikorwa byinshi. Nubushobozi bwo guhitamo imbaraga-DC-DC zihindura imbaraga kandi zikoreshwa nka EMI yo guhagarika muyunguruzi hejuru yumurongo wamashanyarazi (AC na DC) hamwe nuburyo busanzwe bwo kuyungurura iboneza. Dufata capacitori X nkurugero rwo kwerekana zimwe mu ngingo zingenzi zo gukoresha ubushobozi bwa firime.
Niba ikintu kibaye kibaye, gifasha kugabanya impagarara zingana na voltage kumurongo, kubwibyo isanzwe ikoreshwa hamwe na suppressor ya voltage yinzibacyuho (TVS) cyangwa varistor ya metal oxyde (MOV).
Urashobora kuba usanzwe uzi ibi byose, ariko wari uzi ko ubushobozi bwa capacitance ya X capacitor ishobora kugabanuka cyane hamwe nimyaka yo gukoresha? Ibi ni ukuri cyane niba capacitori ikoreshwa mubidukikije. Nabonye ubushobozi bwa capacitance ya capacitori ya X igabanuka kugeza kuri bike kwijana ryagaciro kayo mugihe cyumwaka umwe cyangwa ibiri, sisitemu rero yabanje gukora hamwe na X capacitor yatakaje uburinzi bwose capacitor yimbere ishobora kuba ifite.
None byagenze bite? Umwuka w'ubushuhe urashobora gutemba muri capacitor, hejuru y'insinga no hagati yagasanduku n'ikibumbano cya epoxy. Aluminium metallisation irashobora noneho kuba okiside. Alumina ninzitizi nziza yamashanyarazi, bityo igabanya ubushobozi. Iki nikibazo ubushobozi bwa firime zose zizahura nazo. Ikibazo mvuga ni ubunini bwa firime. Ibiranga ibyamamare bizwi bikoresha firime zibyibushye, bikavamo ubushobozi bunini kuruta ibindi birango. Filime yoroheje ituma capacitor idakomera cyane kurenza urugero (voltage, ikigezweho, cyangwa ubushyuhe), kandi ntibishoboka kwikiza.
Niba X capacitor idahujwe burundu n'amashanyarazi, ntukeneye guhangayika. Kurugero, kubicuruzwa bifite ihinduka rikomeye hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi na capacitor, ingano irashobora kuba ingenzi kurenza ubuzima, hanyuma urashobora guhitamo capacitor yoroheje.
Ariko, niba capacitor ihujwe burundu nisoko yimbaraga, igomba kuba yizewe cyane. Okiside ya capacator ntabwo byanze bikunze. Niba capacitor epoxy material ifite ubuziranenge kandi capacitor ntabwo ikunze guhura nubushyuhe bukabije, igabanuka ryagaciro rigomba kuba rito.
Muri iyi ngingo, banza werekane ibitekerezo bya sisitemu yo kureba ya capacator. Ingero zifatika nibisubizo byerekana uburyo bwo guhitamo no gukoresha ubwoko bwa capacitori. Twizere ko aya makuru ashobora kugufasha kumva uruhare rwa capacator muburyo bwa elegitoronike na EMC muburyo bwuzuye.
Dr. Min Zhang ni we washinze kandi akaba n'umujyanama mukuru wa EMC wa Mach One Design Ltd, isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ubwubatsi ikorera mu Bwongereza izobereye mu bujyanama bwa EMC, gukemura ibibazo no guhugura. Ubumenyi bwe bwimbitse mubyuma bya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, moteri no gushushanya ibicuruzwa byagiriye akamaro ibigo byisi yose.
Mu Kwubahiriza nisoko nyamukuru yamakuru, amakuru, uburezi no guhumekera kubashinzwe amashanyarazi na elegitoroniki.
Ikirere cyo mu kirere Itumanaho ry’umuguzi Abaguzi ba elegitoroniki Uburezi Ingufu n’inganda Ingufu Amakuru Ikoranabuhanga Ubuvuzi Igisirikare n’Ingabo z’igihugu