amakuru

Ahari nyuma y amategeko ya Ohm, itegeko rya kabiri rizwi cyane muri elegitoroniki ni itegeko rya Moore: Umubare wa transistoriste ushobora gukorerwa kumuzunguruko wikubye kabiri mumyaka ibiri cyangwa irenga. Kubera ko ingano yumubiri ya chip ikomeza kuba imwe, ibi bivuze ko transistor kugiti cye kizaba gito mugihe runaka. Twatangiye kwitegereza igisekuru gishya cya chip hamwe nubunini buto bugaragara kugaragara kumuvuduko usanzwe, ariko bimaze iki gukora ibintu bito? Ntoya buri gihe isobanura ibyiza?
Mu kinyejana gishize, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byateye imbere cyane. Mu myaka ya za 1920, amaradiyo ya AM yateye imbere yari agizwe na tebes nyinshi za vacuum, inductors nini nini, capacator na résistoriste, metero mirongo yinsinga zikoreshwa nka antene, hamwe na bateri nini yo gukoresha ibikoresho byose. Uyu munsi, urashobora Kumva serivisi zirenga icumi zitunganya umuziki mugikoresho mumufuka, kandi urashobora gukora byinshi. Ariko miniaturisiyoneri ntabwo ari iyoroshye gusa: birakenewe rwose kugirango tugere kumikorere dutegereje kubikoresho byacu uyumunsi.
Inyungu imwe igaragara yibice bito nuko bakwemerera gushyiramo imikorere myinshi mubunini bumwe. Ibi nibyingenzi byingenzi kumuzunguruko: ibice byinshi bivuze ko ushobora gukora byinshi gutunganya mugihe kimwe. Kurugero, mubitekerezo, ingano yamakuru yatunganijwe na 64-bit bitunganijwe yikubye inshuro umunani iy'ibice 8 biti CPU ikora ku isaha imwe. Ariko birasaba kandi inshuro umunani ibice byinshi: kwiyandikisha, kongeramo, bisi, nibindi byose ni umunani. Ukeneye rero chip iruta inshuro umunani, cyangwa ukeneye transistor ikubye inshuro umunani.
Kimwe nukuri kubibikoresho byo kwibuka: Mugukora tristoriste ntoya, ufite umwanya munini wo kubika mubunini bumwe. Pigiseli mubyerekanwe byinshi uyumunsi ikozwe muri tristoriste yoroheje, birumvikana rero kubipima hasi no kugera kumyanzuro ihanitse. Nyamara, ntoya tristoriste, nibyiza, kandi hariho indi mpamvu ikomeye: imikorere yabo iratera imbere cyane. Ariko kubera iki?
Igihe cyose ukoze tristoriste, izatanga ibice byinyongera kubusa. Buri terminal ifite rezistor ikurikirana. Ikintu cyose gitwara ibyagezweho nacyo gifite kwigira. Hanyuma, hariho ubushobozi hagati yabayobora bombi bahanganye. Izi ngaruka zose zitwara imbaraga kandi zigabanya umuvuduko wa transistor. Ubushobozi bwa parasitike burahangayikishije cyane: tristoriste igomba kwishyurwa no gusohoka buri gihe iyo ifunguye cyangwa yazimye, bisaba igihe nigihe kiva mumashanyarazi.
Ubushobozi hagati yabatwara babiri nigikorwa cyubunini bwumubiri: ingano ntoya isobanura ubushobozi buke. Kandi kubera ko ubushobozi buke busobanura umuvuduko mwinshi nimbaraga zo hasi, tristoriste ntoya irashobora gukora kumasaha menshi kandi ikagabanya ubushyuhe buke kubikora.
Mugihe ugabanya ingano ya tristoriste, capacitance ntabwo arizo ngaruka zonyine zihinduka: hari ingaruka nyinshi zidasanzwe za kwantimatike zitagaragara kubikoresho binini. Ariko, muri rusange, gukora transistors ntoya bizatuma byihuta. Ariko ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike birenze transistor gusa. Iyo ugabanije ibindi bice, bakora gute?
Muri rusange, ibice byigenga nka résistoriste, capacator, na inductor ntabwo bizagenda neza iyo bibaye bito: muburyo bwinshi, bizagenda nabi. Kubwibyo, miniaturizasi yibi bice ahanini ni ukugirango ubashe kuyikuramo mubunini buto, bityo ukabika umwanya wa PCB.
Ingano ya résistor irashobora kugabanuka nta gutera igihombo kinini. Kurwanya igice cyibikoresho bitangwa na, aho l nuburebure, A nigice cyambukiranya ibice, na ρ ni ukurwanya ibintu. Urashobora kugabanya gusa uburebure no kwambukiranya igice, hanyuma ukarangiza ukarwanya umubiri muto, ariko ugakomeza guhangana. Gusa ikibi ni uko iyo ikwirakwije imbaraga zimwe, résistoriste ntoya izabyara ubushyuhe burenze ubwinshi. Kubwibyo, uturwanya duto dushobora gukoreshwa gusa mumashanyarazi make. Iyi mbonerahamwe yerekana uburyo igipimo ntarengwa cy’ingufu za SMD zirwanya kigabanuka uko ubunini bwazo bugabanuka.
Uyu munsi, résistor ntoya ushobora kugura ni metero 03015 (0.3 mm x 0,15 mm). Imbaraga zabo zapimwe ni 20 mW gusa kandi zikoreshwa gusa kumirongo ikwirakwiza imbaraga nke cyane kandi zifite ubunini buke. Porogaramu ntoya ya metero 0201 (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm) yasohotse, ariko ntirashyirwa mubikorwa. Ariko nubwo bigaragara muri kataloge yuwabikoze, ntutegereze ko bari hose: robot nyinshi zitoranya nizishyira ahantu ntizihagije kugirango zikoreshe, kuburyo zishobora kuba ibicuruzwa byiza.
Ubushobozi bushobora kandi kugabanuka, ariko ibi bizagabanya ubushobozi bwabo. Inzira yo kubara ubushobozi bwa shunt capacitor ni, aho A ni agace kibaho, d ni intera iri hagati yabo, na ε ni dielectric ihoraho (umutungo wibikoresho bigereranijwe). Niba ubushobozi bwa capacitori (mubusanzwe igikoresho kiringaniye) cyabaye miniaturizasi, agace kagomba kugabanuka, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi. Niba ukeneye gupakira nafara nyinshi mubunini buke, inzira yonyine ni uguteranya ibice byinshi hamwe. Bitewe niterambere ryibikoresho ninganda, nazo zakoze firime zoroheje (d d) hamwe na dielectrics idasanzwe (hamwe nini ε) bishoboka, ingano ya capacator yagabanutse cyane mumyaka mike ishize.
Ubushobozi buke buboneka uyumunsi buri muri pake ya ultra-nto ya metero 0201: mm 0,25 mm x 0,125 mm. Ubushobozi bwabo bugarukira gusa kuri 100 nF igifite akamaro, kandi n’umuvuduko ntarengwa wo gukora ni 6.3 V. Nanone, ibyo bikoresho ni bito cyane kandi bisaba ibikoresho bigezweho byo kubikemura, bikabuza kwakirwa kwabo.
Kuri inductors, inkuru iroroshye. Induction ya coil igororotse itangwa na, aho N numubare wimpinduka, A nigice cyambukiranya igice cya coil, l nuburebure bwacyo, na μ nibintu bihoraho (permeability). Niba ibipimo byose bigabanutseho kimwe cya kabiri, inductance nayo izagabanukaho kimwe cya kabiri. Nyamara, kurwanya insinga bikomeza kuba bimwe: ibi ni ukubera ko uburebure nu gice cyambukiranya insinga bigabanuka kugeza kuri kimwe cya kane cyagaciro kambere. Ibi bivuze ko urangiza ukarwanya kimwe cya kabiri cya inductance, bityo ukagabanya kabiri ubuziranenge (Q) bwa coil.
Indoro ntoya yubucuruzi iboneka ya disiketi yerekana ubunini bwa 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm). Ibi biri hejuru ya 56 nH kandi bifite resistance ya ohm nkeya. Inductors muri ultra-small metric 0201 pack yasohotse muri 2014, ariko ikigaragara nuko itigeze imenyekana kumasoko.
Imipaka igaragara ya inductors yakemuwe hakoreshejwe ibintu bita dinamine inductance, ishobora kugaragara muri coil ikozwe muri graphene. Ariko nubwo bimeze bityo, niba ishobora gukorwa muburyo bugaragara mubucuruzi, irashobora kwiyongera 50%. Hanyuma, igiceri ntigishobora kugabanywa neza. Ariko, niba umuzunguruko wawe ukorera kumurongo mwinshi, ntabwo byanze bikunze ikibazo. Niba ibimenyetso byawe biri murwego rwa GHz, ibiceri bike bya nH mubisanzwe birahagije.
Ibi bituzanira ku kindi kintu cyagabanutse mu kinyejana gishize ariko ntushobora guhita ubibona: uburebure bwumurongo dukoresha mu itumanaho. Amaradiyo yo hambere yakoreshaga imiyoboro ya AM-hagati ya 1 MHz hamwe nuburebure bwa metero 300. Itsinda rya FM ryibanze kuri 100 MHz cyangwa metero 3 ryamenyekanye cyane nko mu myaka ya za 1960, kandi uyumunsi dukoresha cyane cyane itumanaho rya 4G hafi 1 cyangwa 2 GHz (hafi cm 20). Imirongo myinshi isobanura ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakuru menshi. Ni ukubera miniaturizasiya dufite amaradiyo ahendutse, yizewe kandi azigama ingufu zikora kuriyi radiyo.
Kugabanya uburebure bwumuraba birashobora kugabanya antene kuko ubunini bwazo bufitanye isano ninshuro bakeneye kohereza cyangwa kwakira. Terefone zigendanwa zubu ntizikeneye antene ndende ndende, tubikesha itumanaho ryabo ryitiriwe GHz, kuri antenne ikenera kuba ifite uburebure bwa santimetero imwe. Niyo mpamvu terefone nyinshi zigendanwa zirimo ibyuma bya FM bigusaba gucomeka muri terefone mbere yo kuyikoresha: radio igomba gukoresha insinga ya terefone nka antenne kugirango ubone imbaraga zihagije ziva muri iyo miyoboro miremire.
Kubijyanye numuzunguruko uhujwe na antenne yacu ntoya, iyo ari nto, mubyukuri byoroshye gukora. Ntabwo ari ukubera ko transistors yihuse, ariko nanone kubera ko umurongo wohereza utakiri ikibazo. Muri make, iyo uburebure bwinsinga burenze kimwe cya cumi cyuburebure bwumuraba, ugomba gutekereza ku cyiciro cyahindutse kuburebure bwacyo mugihe utegura uruziga. Kuri 2.4 GHz, ibi bivuze ko santimetero imwe gusa y'insinga yagize ingaruka kumuzunguruko wawe; niba ugurisha ibice bitandukanye hamwe, birababaza umutwe, ariko niba ushyize umuzenguruko kuri milimetero kare, ntabwo ari ikibazo.
Guteganya ko Amategeko ya Moore azarangira, cyangwa kwerekana ko ubwo buhanuzi ari amakosa inshuro nyinshi, byahindutse insanganyamatsiko yagarutse mu itangazamakuru ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga. Ikigaragara ni uko Intel, Samsung, na TSMC, abanywanyi batatu bakiri ku isonga ryumukino, bakomeje guhagarika ibintu byinshi kuri micrometero kare, kandi barateganya kuzana ibisekuruza byinshi bya chipi zinoze mugihe kizaza. Nubwo iterambere bagezeho kuri buri ntambwe rishobora kuba rinini nkimyaka 20 ishize, miniaturizasi ya tristoriste irakomeza.
Ariko, kubice byihariye, dusa nkaho twageze kumipaka karemano: kubigira bito ntabwo bitezimbere imikorere yabo, kandi ibice bito biboneka kurubu ni bito kurenza imikoreshereze myinshi isabwa. Birasa nkaho nta tegeko rya Moore ryibikoresho byihariye, ariko niba hariho amategeko ya Moore, twifuza kureba uburyo umuntu umwe ashobora gutera ikibazo cyo kugurisha SMD.
Nahoraga nifuza gufata ifoto yumurwanya wa PTH nakoresheje mu myaka ya za 70, nkayishyiraho SMD résistoriste, nkanjye ndimo ndahindura / hanze ubu. Intego yanjye nukugirango benewacu na bashiki bacu (ntanumwe muribikoresho bya elegitoroniki) impinduka zingana iki, harimo ko nshobora no kubona ibice byakazi kanjye, (uko amaso yanjye agenda arushaho kuba mubi, amaboko yanjye aragenda ahinda umushyitsi).
Nkunda kuvuga, ni hamwe cyangwa ntabwo. Nanga rwose "gutera imbere, gukira." Rimwe na rimwe, imiterere yawe ikora neza, ariko ntushobora kubona ibice. Ikuzimu ni iki? . Igitekerezo cyiza nigitekerezo cyiza, kandi nibyiza kugumana uko kimeze, aho kugitezimbere nta mpamvu. Gantt
Ati: "Ikigaragara ni uko ibigo bitatu Intel, Samsung na TSMC bikomeje guhatanira umwanya wa mbere muri uyu mukino, bigahora bisohora ibintu byinshi kuri micrometero kare."
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike ni binini kandi bihenze. Mu 1971, umuryango usanzwe wari ufite amaradiyo make, stereo na TV. Kugeza mu 1976, mudasobwa, kubara, amasaha ya digitale n'amasaha byari bimaze gusohoka, byari bito kandi bihendutse kubaguzi.
Miniaturisation imwe iva mubishushanyo. Ibikorwa byongera imbaraga byemerera gukoresha za giratori, zishobora gusimbuza inductors nini mubihe bimwe. Muyunguruzi ikora nayo ikuraho inductors.
Ibice binini biteza imbere ibindi bintu: kugabanya umuzenguruko, ni ukuvuga, kugerageza gukoresha ibice bike kugirango umuziki ukore. Uyu munsi, ntitubyitayeho cyane. Ukeneye ikintu cyo guhindura ibimenyetso? Fata amplifier ikora. Ukeneye imashini ya leta? Fata mpu. n'ibindi Ibigize uyumunsi ni bito rwose, ariko mubyukuri hariho ibice byinshi imbere. Mubusanzwe rero ingano yumuzunguruko iriyongera kandi ingufu zikoreshwa. Transistor ikoreshwa muguhindura ibimenyetso ikoresha imbaraga nke kugirango ikore akazi kamwe kuruta amplifier ikora. Ariko na none, miniaturisation izita ku gukoresha imbaraga. Ni uko udushya twagiye mu bundi buryo.
Wabuze rwose inyungu zimwe / impamvu zubunini bwagabanutse: kugabanya parasitike ya pake hamwe no kongera ingufu (bisa nkaho bivuguruzanya).
Uhereye kubintu bifatika, iyo ingano yimiterere igeze kuri 0.25u, uzagera kurwego rwa GHz, icyo gihe pake nini ya SOP itangira gutanga umusaruro munini * ingaruka. Insinga ndende zihuza hamwe nuyoboye amaherezo izakwica.
Kuri ubu, QFN / BGA yamapaki yateye imbere cyane mubikorwa. Mubyongeyeho, iyo ushyizeho pake igereranije nkiyi, urangiza ufite * cyane * imikorere myiza yubushyuhe hamwe na padi igaragara.
Mubyongeyeho, Intel, Samsung, na TSMC rwose bizagira uruhare runini, ariko ASML irashobora kuba ingenzi cyane kururu rutonde. Birumvikana, ibi ntibishobora gukoreshwa kumajwi atuje…
Ntabwo ari ukugabanya ibiciro bya silicon gusa binyuze mumasekuruza azakurikiraho. Ibindi bintu, nk'imifuka. Ibipapuro bito bisaba ibikoresho bike na wcsp cyangwa nibindi bike. Ibipapuro bito, PCBs cyangwa modules, nibindi.
Nkunze kubona ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe, aho ikintu cyonyine cyo gutwara ari ukugabanya ibiciro. Ingano ya MHz / kwibuka ni imwe, imikorere ya SOC na pin gahunda ni imwe. Turashobora gukoresha tekinolojiya mishya kugirango tugabanye gukoresha ingufu (mubisanzwe ibi ntabwo ari ubuntu, bityo hagomba kubaho inyungu zimwe zo guhatanira abakiriya bitaho)
Kimwe mu byiza byibigize binini ni ibikoresho birwanya imirasire. Utuntu duto duto cyane dushobora guhura n'ingaruka z'imirasire y'isi, muri ibi bihe byingenzi. Kurugero, mumwanya ndetse no murwego rwo hejuru-indorerezi.
Ntabwo nabonye impamvu ikomeye yo kongera umuvuduko. Umuvuduko wibimenyetso ni santimetero 8 kuri nanosekond. Mugabanye rero ingano, chip byihuse birashoboka.
Urashobora gushaka kugenzura imibare yawe ubara itandukaniro mugutinda gukwirakwizwa bitewe nimpinduka zo gupakira no kugabanuka kwinzira (1 / frequency). Nukugabanya gutinda / igihe cyimitwe. Uzabona ko itanagaragara nkikintu cyo kuzenguruka.
Ikintu kimwe nshaka kongeraho nuko IC nyinshi, cyane cyane ibishushanyo bishaje hamwe na chip analogi, ntabwo bigabanutse, byibuze imbere. Bitewe niterambere mubikorwa byikora, paki zabaye nto, ariko ibyo biterwa nuko paki ya DIP mubusanzwe ifite umwanya munini usigaye imbere, ntabwo kuberako transistor nibindi byabaye bito.
Usibye ikibazo cyo gukora robot neza kugirango ikemure uduce duto muburyo bwihuse bwo gutoranya-ahantu, ikindi kibazo ni gusudira byizewe uduce duto. Cyane cyane mugihe ukeneye ibice binini kubera imbaraga / ubushobozi busabwa. Ukoresheje paste idasanzwe yo kugurisha, intambwe idasanzwe yo kugurisha paste templates (shyiramo umubare muto wa paste paste aho bikenewe, ariko uracyatanga paste ihagije yo kugurisha ibice binini) yatangiye kubahenze cyane. Ndatekereza rero ko hari ikibaya, kandi miniaturizasiya kurwego rwumuzunguruko ninzira ihenze kandi ishoboka. Kuri iyi ngingo, urashobora gukora byinshi byo kwishyira hamwe kurwego rwa silicon wafer hanyuma ukoroshya umubare wibigize discret kugeza byibuze.
Ibi uzabibona kuri terefone yawe. Ahagana mu 1995, naguze terefone zigendanwa kare mugurisha igaraji kumadorari make buri umwe. IC nyinshi ziranyuze. Kumenyekana CPU na NE570 compander, nini ikoreshwa na IC.
Noneho narangije na terefone zimwe zavuguruwe. Hano haribintu bike cyane kandi ntakintu kimenyerewe. Mumubare muto wa IC, ntabwo ubucucike buri hejuru gusa, ahubwo hanashyizweho igishushanyo gishya (reba SDR), gikuraho byinshi mubice bya discret byari bisanzwe byingirakamaro.
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Hey, natekereje icyitegererezo cya "3D / Wave" kugirango gikemure iki kibazo: cyoroshye aho ibice bito biri, kandi binini cyane aho amashanyarazi ari.
Muri iki gihe, ibice bya SMT ni bito cyane, urashobora gukoresha ibice byihariye (ntabwo ari 74xx nindi myanda) kugirango ushushanye CPU yawe hanyuma uyisohore kuri PCB. Kunyanyagiza hamwe na LED, urashobora kubona ikora mugihe nyacyo.
Mu myaka yashize, rwose ndashima iterambere ryihuse ryibintu bito kandi bito. Zitanga iterambere ryinshi, ariko mugihe kimwe, bongeraho urwego rushya rugoye muburyo bwo gutondeka prototyping.
Guhindura no kwigana umuvuduko wikigereranyo cyihuta cyane kuruta ibyo ukora muri laboratoire. Mugihe inshuro zumuzunguruko uzamuka, PCB iba igice cyinteko. Kurugero, ingaruka zoherejwe kumurongo, gutinda gukwirakwizwa. Prototyping ya tekinoroji iyo ari yo yose ikoreshwa neza mu kurangiza igishushanyo neza, aho kugira ibyo uhindura muri laboratoire.
Kubijyanye nibintu bikunda, gusuzuma. Ikibaho cyumuzunguruko hamwe na module nigisubizo cyo kugabanya ibice hamwe no kubanza kugerageza.
Ibi birashobora gutuma ibintu bitakaza "kwishimisha", ariko ndatekereza ko kubona umushinga wawe gukora kunshuro yambere bishobora kuba byiza cyane kubera akazi cyangwa ibyo ukunda.
Nagiye mpindura ibishushanyo bimwe na bimwe kuva mu mwobo kugeza kuri SMD. Kora ibicuruzwa bihendutse, ariko ntabwo bishimishije kubaka prototypes ukoresheje intoki. Ikosa rimwe rito: "ahantu hagereranijwe" hagomba gusomwa nk "isahani ibangikanye".
Oya. Nyuma yuko sisitemu itsinze, abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bazakomeza kwitiranya ibyo babonye. Ninde ubizi, wenda mu kinyejana cya 23, Ihuriro ry’imibumbe rizashyiraho uburyo bushya…
Sinashoboraga kubyemera byinshi. Ubunini bwa 0603 bungana iki? Birumvikana ko kugumana 0603 nkubunini bwubwami no "guhamagara" ubunini bwa metero 0603 0604 (cyangwa 0602) ntabwo bigoye, nubwo bishobora kuba atari tekiniki (nukuvuga: ingano nini ihuye-ntabwo aribyo) uko byagenda kose. Birakaze), ariko byibuze buriwese azamenya ikoranabuhanga uvuga (metric / imperial)!
Ati: "Muri rusange, ibice byoroshye nka résistoriste, capacator, na inductor ntabwo bizagenda neza uramutse ubikoze bito."