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Imiterere ya magnetiki ya SrFe12O19 (SFO) ikomeye ya hexaferrite igenzurwa nubusabane bugoye bwa microstructure, igena akamaro kayo mumashanyarazi ahoraho. Hitamo itsinda rya nanoparticles ya SFO wabonye na synthesis ya sol-gel yizana, hanyuma ukore muburyo bwimbitse bwubaka X-ray ifu itandukanya (XRPD) iranga isesengura ryumurongo wa G (L). Ingano ya kristalite yabonetse igaragaza isano iri hagati yubunini ku cyerekezo cya [001] ku buryo bwa synthesis, biganisha ku gushiraho kristu ya flake. Byongeye kandi, ingano ya nanoparticles ya SFO yagenwe nisesengura rya elegitoronike ya microscopi (TEM), kandi impuzandengo ya kristalite mu bice byagereranijwe. Ibisubizo byasuzumwe kugirango bigaragaze ishyirwaho rya domaine imwe ya leta iri munsi yagaciro gakomeye, kandi ingano yibikorwa ikomoka kubipimo biterwa na magnetisiyoneri biterwa nigihe, bigamije gusobanura inzira ya magnetisiyonike yibikoresho bikomeye bya magneti.
Ibikoresho bya magnetiki ya Nano bifite akamaro gakomeye mubumenyi na tekinoloji, kubera ko imiterere ya magnetiki yerekana imyitwarire itandukanye cyane nubunini bwayo, izana ibitekerezo bishya nibisabwa1,2,3,4. Mubikoresho bya nanostructures, M-hexaferrite SrFe12O19 (SFO) yabaye umukandida ushimishije kumashanyarazi ahoraho5. Mubyukuri, mumyaka yashize, ibikorwa byinshi byubushakashatsi byakozwe muguhindura ibikoresho bishingiye kuri SFO kuri nanoscale binyuze muburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza no gutunganya uburyo bwo kunoza ingano, morphologie, hamwe na magnetiki 6,7,8. Byongeye kandi, yitabiriwe cyane mubushakashatsi niterambere rya sisitemu yo guhuza 9,10. Anisotropy nini ya magnetocrystalline (K = 0.35 MJ / m3) yerekeje kuri c-axis ya latike ya hexagonal 11,12 nigisubizo kiziguye cyerekana isano iri hagati ya magnetisme nuburyo bwa kirisiti, kristalite nubunini bwimbuto, morphologie hamwe nimiterere. Kubwibyo, kugenzura ibiranga haruguru ni ishingiro ryo kuzuza ibisabwa byihariye. Igishushanyo cya 1 cyerekana ubusanzwe itsinda ryimyanya itandatu ya P63 / mmc ya SFO13, nindege ijyanye no kwerekana umurongo wisesengura ryumurongo.
Mubintu bifitanye isano biranga ferromagnetic igabanya ingano yubunini, gushiraho leta imwe ya domaine munsi yagaciro kingenzi biganisha ku kwiyongera kwa magnetiki anisotropy (bitewe nubuso buri hejuru yuburinganire bwijwi), biganisha kumurima wagahato14,15. Ubuso bugari munsi yurwego rukomeye (DC) mubikoresho bikomeye (agaciro gasanzwe ni nka 1 µm), kandi bisobanurwa nicyo bita ingano ya coherent (DCOH) 16: ibi bivuga uburyo buto bwo kubara bwa demagnetisation mubunini bwa coherent . Mubice bya nanoparticle (NP), ingano yingenzi yo kwisubiraho biterwa na viscosity ya magnetique (S), kandi imbaraga za magnetique zayo zitanga amakuru yingenzi kubyerekeranye no guhinduranya kwa NP magnetisation 17,18.
Hejuru ku gishushanyo: Igishushanyo mbonera cyubwihindurize bwumurima wagahato ufite ubunini buke, bwerekana uburyo bwo guhinduranya magnetisiyoneri (byahinduwe kuva 15). SPS, SD, na MD bihagaze kuri superparamagnetic leta, indangarugero imwe, hamwe na multidomain; DCOH na DC bikoreshwa kuri coherence diameter na diameter ikomeye, kimwe. Hasi: Igishushanyo cyibice byubunini butandukanye, byerekana imikurire ya kristalite kuva kristu imwe kugeza polycrystalline.
Nyamara, kuri nanoscale, hashyizweho kandi ibintu bishya bigoye, nk'imikoranire ikomeye ya magneti hagati y'ibice, gukwirakwiza ingano, imiterere y'ibice, imiterere y'ubutaka, hamwe n'icyerekezo cyoroshye cya magnetisiyonike, ibyo byose bituma isesengura riruhije19, 20. Ibi bintu bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku gukwirakwiza ingufu za bariyeri kandi bikwiye kwitabwaho neza, bityo bikagira ingaruka kuri magnetisme ihinduka. Hashingiwe kuri ibyo, ni ngombwa cyane gusobanukirwa neza isano iri hagati yubunini bwa magneti na nanostructures M-ubwoko bwa hexaferrite SrFe12O19. Kubwibyo, nka sisitemu yicyitegererezo, twakoresheje urutonde rwa SFO rwateguwe nuburyo bwo hejuru-sol-gel, kandi duherutse gukora ubushakashatsi. Ibisubizo byabanjirije byerekana ko ingano ya kristallite iri mu ntera ya nanometero, kandi, hamwe n’imiterere ya kristu, biterwa no kuvura ubushyuhe bwakoreshejwe. Mubyongeyeho, kristu yuburyo bwintangarugero biterwa nuburyo bwa synthesis, kandi isesengura rirambuye rirasabwa gusobanura neza isano iri hagati ya kristu nubunini buke. Kugirango ugaragaze iyi sano, hifashishijwe isesengura rya elegitoronike microscopi (TEM) ihujwe nuburyo bwa Rietveld hamwe nisesengura ryumurongo wo gusesengura ifu ya X-ray yerekana itandukanyirizo, ibipimo bya microstructure ya kirisiti (ni ukuvuga kristalite nubunini buke, imiterere) byasesenguwe neza . XRPD) uburyo. Imiterere iranga intego igamije kumenya imiterere ya anisotropique iranga nanocrystallite yabonetse no kwerekana ko bishoboka gusesengura imiterere yumurongo nkubuhanga bukomeye bwo kuranga impinga yaguka kugeza kuri nanoscale y'ibikoresho (ferrite). Byagaragaye ko ingano-uburemere bwa kristallite ingano yo gukwirakwiza G (L) biterwa cyane nicyerekezo cya kristu. Muri iki gikorwa, twerekana ko tekinoroji yinyongera ikenewe rwose kugirango dukuremo neza ibipimo bijyanye nubunini kugirango dusobanure neza imiterere nibiranga magnetiki biranga ifu yintangarugero. Inzira yo guhinduranya magnetisiyasi nayo yarigishijwe kugirango isobanure isano iri hagati yimiterere yimiterere nimyitwarire ya magneti.
Isesengura Rietveld yerekana ifu ya X-ray itandukanya (XRPD) yerekana ko ingano ya kristalite ikurikira c-axis ishobora guhindurwa no kuvura ubushyuhe bukwiye. Irerekana neza ko kwaguka kwimpinga kugaragara murugero rwacu birashoboka ko biterwa na anisotropic kristallite. Mubyongeyeho, guhuza hagati ya diameter isanzwe yasesenguwe na Rietveld nigishushanyo cya Williamson-Hall (
Amashusho meza-ya TEM amashusho ya (a) SFOA, (b) SFOB na (c) SFOC yerekana ko agizwe nuduce duto dufite isahani. Ingano ijyanye nogukwirakwiza yerekanwa muri histogramu yumwanya (df).
Nkuko twabibonye no mubisesengura ryabanjirije iki, kristalite mu ifu yukuri ifata sisitemu ya polydisperse. Kubera ko uburyo bwa X-ray bwunvikana cyane kumpande zinyanyagiye, isesengura ryuzuye ryamakuru yo gutandukanya ifu irasabwa gusobanura nanostructures nziza. Hano, ubunini bwa kristu bwaganiriweho binyuze mubiranga ubunini-buremereye bwa kristalite ingano yo gukwirakwiza ibikorwa G (L) 23, bishobora gusobanurwa nkubucucike bushoboka bwo kubona kristu zifata imiterere nubunini, kandi uburemere bwabwo buringaniye na ni. Umubumbe, murugero rwasesenguwe. Hamwe nimiterere ya kristallite, impuzandengo yuburemere buremereye bwa kristalite (uburebure buringaniye kuruhande rwa [100], [110] na [001]) burashobora kubarwa. Kubwibyo, twahisemo ibyitegererezo byose uko ari bitatu bya SFO bifite ubunini butandukanye muburyo bwa flake ya anisotropique (reba Reba 6) kugirango dusuzume imikorere yubu buryo kugirango tubone ingano nini yo gukwirakwiza ibikoresho bya nano-nini. Kugirango dusuzume icyerekezo cya anisotropique ya ferrite kristallite, isesengura ryumurongo ryakozwe kuri XRPD yamakuru yimpinga zatoranijwe. Ingero za SFO zapimwe ntizari zifite uburyo bworoshye (bwera) bwo gutandukanya itondekanya kumurongo umwe windege za kristu, ntabwo rero byashobokaga gutandukanya umurongo wagura umusanzu nubunini no kugoreka. Mugihe kimwe, kwaguka kwagutse kumirongo itandukanya birashoboka cyane cyane bitewe nubunini bwingaruka, kandi impuzandengo ya kristalite igenzurwa hifashishijwe isesengura ryimirongo myinshi. Igishushanyo cya 4 kigereranya ubunini-buremereye bwa kristallite ingano yo gukwirakwiza ibikorwa G (L) ukurikije icyerekezo cyasobanuwe. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukwirakwiza ingano ya kristu ni ugukwirakwiza ibintu bisanzwe. Kimwe mubiranga ibyabonetse byose byagabanijwe ni unimodality yabo. Mu bihe byinshi, ikwirakwizwa rishobora kwitirirwa uburyo bumwe bwo gusobanura ibice. Itandukaniro riri hagati yimpuzandengo yabazwe yimpinga yatoranijwe nagaciro kavanywe mugutunganya Rietveld iri murwego rwemewe (urebye ko uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho butandukanye hagati yubu buryo) kandi ni kimwe nubwavuye muburyo bwindege ihuye na Debye Impuzandengo yubunini yabonetse ihuye nuburinganire bwa Scherrer, nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Inzira yubunini buringaniye bwa kristalite yubunini bwuburyo bubiri bwo kwerekana imiterere irasa cyane, kandi gutandukana kwubunini bwuzuye ni bito cyane. Nubwo hashobora kubaho ukutumvikana na Rietveld, kurugero, kubijyanye na (110) kwigaragaza kwa SFOB, birashobora kuba bifitanye isano no kumenya neza inyuma kumpande zombi zatoranijwe kugaragarira intera ya dogere 2θ muri buri icyerekezo. Nubwo bimeze bityo, amasezerano meza hagati yikoranabuhanga ryombi yemeza akamaro k'uburyo. Duhereye ku isesengura ryo kwaguka kw'impinga, biragaragara ko ubunini buri [001] bufite uburyo bwihariye bushingiye ku buryo bwa synthesis, bigatuma habaho kristu ya flake muri SFO6,21 ikomatanya na sol-gel. Iyi mikorere ifungura inzira yo gukoresha ubu buryo bwo gushushanya nanocristal ifite imiterere yihariye. Nkuko twese tubizi, imiterere igoye ya kristu ya SFO (nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1) niyo ntandaro yimyitwarire ya ferromagnetic ya SFO12, bityo imiterere nubunini burashobora guhinduka kugirango hongerwe igishushanyo mbonera cyicyitegererezo cya porogaramu (nkibisanzwe magnet bifitanye isano). Twerekanye ko isesengura ryubunini bwa kristallite nuburyo bukomeye bwo gusobanura anisotropy yimiterere ya kristu, kandi bigashimangira ibisubizo byabonetse mbere.
(a) AFO
Kugirango dusuzume imikorere yuburyo bwo kubona ingano nini ya kristallite ikwirakwizwa ryibikoresho bya nano-ifu hanyuma tuyishyire mubikorwa bya nanostructures, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5, twasuzumye ko ubu buryo bukoreshwa mubikoresho bya nanocomposite (indangagaciro zizina). Ukuri kurubanza kugizwe na SrFe12O19 / CoFe2O4 40/60 w / w%). Ibisubizo birahuye neza nisesengura rya Rietveld (reba ibisobanuro byishusho ya 5 yo kugereranya), kandi ugereranije na sisitemu yicyiciro kimwe, nanocrystal ya SFO irashobora kwerekana isahani isa na morfologiya. Ibisubizo byitezwe gushira kumurongo isesengura ryumurongo kuri sisitemu igoye aho ibyiciro byinshi bitandukanye bya kristu bishobora guhuzagurika nta gutakaza amakuru kubyerekeye imiterere yabyo.
Ingano-uburemere bwa kristallite ikwirakwiza G (L) yerekana ibintu byatoranijwe byerekana SFO ((100), (004)) na CFO (111) muri nanocomposite; kugereranya, indangagaciro zisesenguye Rietveld ni 70 (7), 45 (6) na 67 (5) nm6.
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2, kugena ubunini bwa domaine ya magneti no kugereranya neza ingano yumubiri nibyo shingiro ryo gusobanura ubwo buryo bugoye no gusobanukirwa neza imikoranire nuburyo bukurikirana hagati ya magneti. Vuba aha, imyitwarire ya magnetiki yintangarugero ya SFO yizwe muburyo burambuye, hitawe cyane cyane kubikorwa byo guhinduranya magnetisiyonike, kugirango twige igice kidasubirwaho cyibintu bya magnetiki (χirr) (Igicapo S3 ni urugero rwa SFOC) 6. Kugirango dushobore gusobanukirwa byimbitse uburyo bwo guhinduranya magnetisiyonike muri iyi sisitemu ya ferrite ishingiye kuri ferrite, twakoze igipimo cyo kwidagadura cya magnetiki mu murima uhinduka (HREV) nyuma yo kwiyuzuza mu cyerekezo runaka. Reba \ (M \ ibumoso (t \ iburyo) \ proptoSln \ ibumoso (t \ iburyo) \) (reba Ishusho ya 6 nibikoresho byiyongera kubindi bisobanuro) hanyuma ubone ingano yo gukora (VACT). Kubera ko bishobora gusobanurwa nkubunini buto bwibintu bishobora guhurizwa hamwe mugihe cyabaye, iyi parameter yerekana ingano ya "magnetique" igira uruhare muburyo bwo guhinduka. Agaciro kacu VACT (reba Imbonerahamwe S3) ihuye n'umuzingi ufite diameter ya hafi 30 nm, bisobanurwa nka diameter ya coherent (DCOH), isobanura imipaka yo hejuru ya sisitemu ya magnetisiyonike ihinduka hamwe no kuzunguruka. Nubwo hari itandukaniro rinini mubunini bwumubiri wibice (SFOA iruta inshuro 10 kurenza SFOC), izo ndangagaciro zirahoraho kandi ntoya, byerekana ko uburyo bwo guhinduranya magnetisiyonike ya sisitemu zose buguma ari bumwe (buhuye nibyo dusaba ni sisitemu imwe ya sisitemu) 24. Mugusoza, VACT ifite ingano ntoya cyane yumubiri kurenza XRPD na TEM isesengura (VXRD na VTEM mumeza S3). Kubwibyo, dushobora gufata umwanzuro ko inzira yo guhinduranya itabaho gusa binyuze mukuzunguruka. Menya ko ibisubizo byabonetse ukoresheje magnetometero zitandukanye (Igicapo S4) gitanga agaciro ka DCOH. Ni muri urwo rwego, ni ngombwa cyane gusobanura diameter ikomeye yingingo imwe (DC) kugirango tumenye inzira zifatika zifatika. Dukurikije isesengura ryacu (reba ibikoresho byiyongera), dushobora kwemeza ko VACT yabonetse irimo uburyo bwo kuzunguruka, kuko DC (~ 0.8 µm) iri kure cyane ya DC (~ 0.8 µm) yibice byacu, ni ukuvuga, gushiraho inkuta za domaine ntabwo Noneho yakiriye inkunga ikomeye kandi yabonye iboneza rya domaine imwe. Igisubizo kirashobora gusobanurwa no gushiraho imiyoboro yimikoranire25, 26. Turakeka ko kristalite imwe igira uruhare murwego rwimikoranire, igera no mubice bifitanye isano bitewe na microstructure itandukanye yibikoresho 27,28. Nubwo uburyo bwa X-ray bwumva gusa microstructure nziza ya domaine (microcrystal), ibipimo byo kuruhuka bya magnetique bitanga gihamya yibintu bigoye bishobora kugaragara muri SFO ya nanostructures. Kubwibyo, mugutezimbere ingano ya nanometero yintete za SFO, birashoboka kwirinda kwirinda guhinduranya inzira nyinshi zo guhinduranya, bityo bikagumya guhuza cyane kwibi bikoresho.
. kugirango bisobanuke, Inet yerekana amakuru yubushakashatsi bwa 0.65 T umurima (uruziga rwumukara), ufite ibyiza byiza (umurongo utukura) (magnetisation isanzwe kubiciro byambere M0 = M (t0)); . (c) uburyo bwo gukora gahunda hamwe nuburebure bwumubiri / magnetiki.
Muri rusange, guhinduranya magnetisiyoneri bishobora kubaho binyuze murukurikirane rwibikorwa byaho, nka nucleation ya domaine nucleation, gukwirakwizwa, no gukubita no kudapanga. Kubireba uduce tumwe na tumwe twa ferrite, uburyo bwo gukora ni nucleation-yunganirwa kandi bigaterwa nimpinduka ya magnetisiyonike ntoya ugereranije nubunini rusange bwo guhinduranya ibintu (nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 6c) 29.
Itandukaniro riri hagati ya magnetisme ikomeye na diameter yumubiri byerekana ko uburyo budahuye ari ibintu bihurira hamwe na magnetiki domaine ihindagurika, bishobora guterwa no kudahuza ibintu hamwe nubusumbane bwubuso, bigahinduka mugihe ubunini bwibice byiyongereyeho 25, bikavamo gutandukana kuva leta imwe rukuruzi.
Kubwibyo, dushobora gufata umwanzuro ko muri iyi sisitemu, inzira yo guhinduranya magnetisiyonike iragoye cyane, kandi imbaraga zo kugabanya ingano mu gipimo cya nanometero zigira uruhare runini mu mikoranire hagati ya microstructure ya ferrite na magnetism. .
Gusobanukirwa isano igoye hagati yimiterere, imiterere na magnetisme niyo shingiro ryo gushushanya no guteza imbere porogaramu zizaza. Umurongo wisesengura ryumurongo wa XRPD yatoranijwe ya SrFe12O19 yemeje imiterere ya anisotropique ya nanocrystal yabonetse muburyo bwa synthesis. Ufatanije nisesengura rya TEM, hagaragaye imiterere ya polycrystalline yiyi ngingo, hanyuma hemezwa ko ingano ya SFO yakoreweho ubushakashatsi muri iki gikorwa itari munsi ya diameter imwe rukumbi, nubwo hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko ikura rya kristu. Kuri iyi shingiro, turasaba inzira ya magnetisiyoneri idasubirwaho dushingiye kumiterere yimikoranire igizwe na kristu ihuriweho. Ibisubizo byacu byerekana isano iri hagati yimiterere ya morphologie, imiterere ya kristu nubunini bwa kristallite ibaho kurwego rwa nanometero. Ubu bushakashatsi bugamije gusobanura uburyo bwo guhinduranya magnetisiyonike yibikoresho bya magnetiki bigoye kandi bikanagaragaza uruhare rwibiranga microstructure mu myitwarire ya rukuruzi.
Ingero zashizwe hamwe hakoreshejwe aside citricike nka chelating agent / lisansi ukurikije uburyo bwa sol-gel bwihuse bwo gutwika, byatangajwe mu gitabo cya 6. Imiterere ya synthesis yashyizweho kugirango ibone ubunini butatu butandukanye (SFOA, SFOB, SFOC), bwari byabonetse kubuvuzi bukwiye kubushyuhe butandukanye (1000, 900, na 800 ° C). Imbonerahamwe S1 ivuga muri make imiterere ya magneti ugasanga birasa. Nanocomposite SrFe12O19 / CoFe2O4 40/60 w / w% nayo yateguwe muburyo busa.
Uburyo bwo gutandukanya bwapimwe hifashishijwe imirasire ya CuKα (λ = 1.5418 Å) kuri porojeri ya Bruker D8 itandukanya, naho ubugari bwa detector bwashyizwe kuri mm 0.2. Koresha konte ya VANTEC gukusanya amakuru murwego rwa 2θ rwa 10-140 °. Ubushyuhe mugihe cyo gufata amakuru bwagumishijwe kuri 23 ± 1 ° C. Ibitekerezo bipimwa na tekinoroji yintambwe-na-scan, kandi uburebure bwintambwe yikigereranyo cyose ni 0.013 ° (2theta); agaciro ntarengwa k'intera yo gupima ni-2.5 na + 2,5 ° (2theta). Kuri buri mpinga, ibarwa yose hamwe 106, mugihe umurizo hari 3000. Impinga nyinshi zigeragezwa (zatandukanijwe cyangwa zuzuyemo igice) zatoranijwe kugirango zisesengurwe icyarimwe: (100), (110) na (004), byabereye ku mpande ya Bragg hafi ya Bragg inguni y'umurongo wa SFO. Imbaraga zigeragezwa zarakosowe kubintu bya Lorentz polarisation, hanyuma inyuma yakuweho hafashwe icyemezo cyo guhindura umurongo. NIST isanzwe ya LaB6 (NIST 660b) yakoreshejwe muguhindura igikoresho no kwaguka. Koresha LWL (Louer-Weigel-Louboutin) uburyo bwa deconvolution 30,31 kugirango ubone imirongo itandukanye. Ubu buryo bushyirwa mubikorwa muri gahunda yo gusesengura imyirondoro PROFIT-software32. Uhereye ku guhuza imbaraga zapimwe zipimishije zicyitegererezo hamwe nibisanzwe hamwe na pseudo Voigt imikorere, hakurwamo umurongo ukwiye wa kontour f (x). Ingano yo gukwirakwiza ibikorwa G (L) igenwa kuva f (x) ukurikije inzira yatanzwe muri Reba 23. Kubindi bisobanuro, nyamuneka reba ibikoresho byiyongera. Nkinyongera kumurongo wisesengura ryumurongo, gahunda YUZUYE ikoreshwa mugukora isesengura Rietveld kumibare ya XRPD (ibisobanuro ushobora kubisanga muri Maltoni nabandi 6). Muri make, muburyo bwa Rietveld, impinga zo gutandukanya zisobanurwa numurimo wahinduwe Thompson-Cox-Hastings pseudo Voigt. LeBail kunonosora amakuru yakorewe kurwego rwa NIST LaB6 660b kugirango yerekane uruhare rwibikoresho mu kwagura impinga. Ukurikije FWHM yabazwe (ubugari bwuzuye kuri kimwe cya kabiri cyimbaraga za mpinga), ikigereranyo cya Debye-Scherrer kirashobora gukoreshwa mukubara ingano yuburemere buringaniye buringaniye bwa coherent ikwirakwiza kristaline:
Aho λ ni X-ray imirasire yumurambararo, K nibintu byerekana (0.8-1.2, mubisanzwe bingana na 0.9), na θ ni Bragg angle. Ibi birakurikizwa kuri: guhitamo guhitamo, guhuza indege hamwe nuburyo bwose (10-90 °).
Byongeye kandi, microscope ya Philips CM200 ikora kuri 200 kV kandi ifite ibikoresho bya LaB6 yakoreshejwe mu gusesengura TEM kugirango ibone amakuru ajyanye na morphologie nu gukwirakwiza ingano.
Ibipimo byo kwidagadura bya Magnetisiyoneri bikorwa nibikoresho bibiri bitandukanye: Sisitemu yo gupima umutungo wumubiri (PPMS) uhereye kuri Quantum Design-Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), ifite magneti 9 T superconducting, na MicroSense Model 10 VSM hamwe na electronique. Umurima ni 2 T, icyitegererezo cyuzuye mumurima (μ0HMAX: -5 T na 2 T, kuri buri gikoresho), hanyuma hakoreshwa umurima uhinduka (HREV) kugirango uzane icyitegererezo mukarere kahinduranya (hafi ya HC ), hanyuma noneho magnetisiyasi yangirika yanditswe nkigikorwa cyigihe kirenze iminota 60. Ibipimo bikozwe kuri 300 K. Ingano yo guhuza ibikorwa irasuzumwa hashingiwe ku ndangagaciro zapimwe zasobanuwe mubikoresho byiyongera.
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Mathieu, R. na Nordblad, P. Imyitwarire ya rukuruzi. Muburyo bushya bwa nanoparticle magnetism, impapuro 65-84 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60473-8_3.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-11-2021
