amakuru

Imashanyarazi ni kimwe mu bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane ku mbaho ​​z’umuzunguruko.Nk'uko umubare w’ibikoresho bya elegitoronike (kuva kuri terefone zigendanwa ukageza ku modoka) ukomeje kwiyongera, ni nako ibyifuzo by’ubushobozi buke. kubice bya pasiporo, hamwe na capacator zabaye nkeya1.
Ibiganiro ku ngingo ya capacator birashobora guhinduka byoroshye mubitabo cyangwa inkoranyamagambo. Ubwa mbere, hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwa capacator, nka capacitori ya electrolytike, capacitori ya firime, capacitori ceramic nibindi.Noneho, mubwoko bumwe, haratandukanye ibikoresho bya dielectric.Hariho kandi ibyiciro bitandukanye. Kubijyanye nimiterere yumubiri, hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa terminal na terefone eshatu.Hariho na capacitor yo mu bwoko bwa X2Y, mubyukuri ni joriji ya Y ikwirakwizwa muri imwe.None se super super capacator ? Ikigaragara ni uko, niba wicaye ugatangira gusoma ubushobozi bwo gutoranya ubushobozi bwo gukora ibicuruzwa biva mu nganda zikomeye, urashobora kumara umunsi byoroshye!
Kubera ko iyi ngingo ivuga kubyibanze, nzakoresha ubundi buryo nkuko bisanzwe.Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ubuyobozi bwo gutoranya capacitor burashobora kuboneka byoroshye kurubuga rwabatanga 3 na 4, kandi injeniyeri zumurima zishobora gusubiza ibibazo byinshi bijyanye na capacator. Muri iki kiganiro, Ntabwo nzasubiramo ibyo ushobora gusanga kuri enterineti, ariko nzerekana uburyo bwo guhitamo no gukoresha capacator ukoresheje ingero zifatika. Bimwe mubintu bitazwi cyane byo gutoranya ubushobozi, nko kwangirika kwa capacitance, nabyo bizasuzumwa. Nyuma yo gusoma iyi ngingo, wowe igomba kumva neza imikoreshereze ya capacator.
Mu myaka yashize, ubwo nakoraga muri societe ikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, twagize ikibazo cyo kubaza injeniyeri ya electronics power.Ku gishushanyo mbonera cyibicuruzwa bihari, tuzabaza abakandida "Ni ubuhe butumwa bwa DC ihuza electrolytike? ubushobozi? ”na “Ni ubuhe butumwa bwa capacitori ceramic iruhande rwa chip?”Turizera ko igisubizo cyukuri ari capacitor ya DC ikoreshwa mububiko bwingufu, capacitor ceramic zikoreshwa mugushungura.
Igisubizo "gikwiye" dushakisha cyerekana mubyukuri ko abantu bose bagize itsinda ryabashushanyije bareba ubushobozi bwa capacitori muburyo bworoshye bwumuzunguruko, ntabwo bivuye mubitekerezo bya sisitemu. kuri MHz nkeya), ibitekerezo byumuzunguruko birashobora gusobanura neza ikibazo.Ibi ni ukubera ko kuri frequency yo hasi, ikimenyetso kiri muburyo butandukanye. Dukoresheje inyigisho zumuzunguruko, dushobora kubona capacitor yerekanwe kumashusho 1, aho kurwanya urukurikirane ruhuye ( ESR) hamwe na inductance ikurikirana (ESL) ituma impedance ya capacitor ihinduka hamwe na frequence.
Iyi moderi isobanura neza imikorere yumuzunguruko iyo umuzunguruko uhinduwe buhoro.Nyamara, uko inshuro ziyongera, ibintu bigenda birushaho kuba ingorabahizi.Mu ngingo imwe, ibice bitangira kwerekana kutari umurongo.Iyo inshuro ziyongera, moderi yoroshye ya LCR ifite aho igarukira.
Uyu munsi, iyo nabajijwe ikibazo kimwe cyabajijwe, nambara ibirahuri byanjye byo kureba indorerwamo nkavuga ko ubwoko bwombi bwa capacitori ari ibikoresho bibika ingufu.Itandukaniro nuko ubushobozi bwa electrolytike bushobora kubika ingufu nyinshi kurenza ubushobozi bwa ceramic.Ariko mubijyanye no kohereza ingufu , ubushobozi bwa ceramic bushobora kohereza ingufu byihuse.Ibi birasobanura impamvu ubushobozi bwa ceramic bugomba gushyirwa kuruhande rwa chip, kuko chip ifite inshuro nyinshi zo guhinduranya no kwihuta ugereranije numuyoboro nyamukuru w'amashanyarazi.
Dufatiye kuri iyi myumvire, turashobora gusobanura gusa ibipimo bibiri byimikorere ya capacator.Bimwe nuburyo ingufu za capacitori zishobora kubika, naho ubundi nuburyo izo mbaraga zishobora kwimurwa vuba.Bombi biterwa nuburyo bwo gukora bwa capacitor, ibikoresho bya dielectric, ihuriro hamwe na capacitor, nibindi.
Iyo switch mu muzunguruko ifunze (reba Ishusho 2), byerekana ko umutwaro ukenera ingufu ziva mumashanyarazi.Umuvuduko iyi switch ifunga igena byihutirwa ingufu zikenewe.Kuberako ingufu zigenda kumuvuduko wumucyo (kimwe cya kabiri) umuvuduko wumucyo mubikoresho bya FR4), bisaba igihe cyo guhererekanya ingufu.Iyongeyeho, hariho itandukaniro ridahwitse hagati yisoko n'umurongo wohereza hamwe n'umutwaro.Ibyo bivuze ko ingufu zitazigera zoherezwa murugendo rumwe, ariko muri byinshi ingendo zizenguruka5, niyo mpamvu iyo switch ihindutse vuba, tubona gutinda no kuvuza impinduramatwara.
Igishushanyo 2: Bifata igihe kugirango ingufu zikwirakwira mu kirere;impedance idahuye itera ingendo nyinshi zo guhererekanya ingufu.
Kuba ihererekanyabubasha rifata igihe ningendo nyinshi zizenguruka bitubwira ko dukeneye kumenya isoko yingufu hafi yumutwaro bishoboka, kandi dukeneye gushaka uburyo bwo guhererekanya ingufu vuba.Icyambere mubisanzwe bigerwaho mukugabanya umubiri. intera iri hagati yumutwaro, hindura na capacitor.Ibya nyuma bigerwaho mugukusanya itsinda rya capacator hamwe na impedance ntoya.
Inyigisho zo mu murima nazo zisobanura igitera urusaku rwuburyo busanzwe.Mu magambo make, urusaku rusanzwe rusanzwe rutangwa mugihe ingufu zingufu zumutwaro zitujujwe mugihe cyo guhinduranya. Kubwibyo, ingufu zibitswe mumwanya uri hagati yumutwaro hamwe nabayobora hafi zizatangwa kugirango zunganire intambwe isabwa.Umwanya uri hagati yumutwaro nuyobora hafi nicyo twita parasitike / ubushobozi bwa mutuelle (reba Ishusho 2).
Twifashishije ingero zikurikira kugirango twerekane uburyo twakoresha capacitori ya electrolytique, capacitori ceramic ceramic (MLCC), hamwe na capacitori ya firime. Byombi byumuzunguruko hamwe numurima bikoreshwa mugusobanura imikorere yubushobozi bwatoranijwe.
Imashanyarazi ya electrolytike ikoreshwa cyane cyane mumihuza ya DC nkisoko nyamukuru yingufu. Guhitamo ubushobozi bwa electrolytique akenshi biterwa na:
Kubikorwa bya EMC, ibintu byingenzi biranga capacator ni impedance nibiranga inshuro.Icyuka gike-cyuka cyakozwe buri gihe biterwa nimikorere ya capacitori ya DC.
Inzitizi ya DC ihuza ntabwo iterwa gusa na ESR na ESL ya capacitor gusa, ahubwo binaterwa nubuso bwumuriro, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3.Ahantu hanini cyane hashyirwa ingufu bivuze ko guhererekanya ingufu bifata igihe kirekire, bityo imikorere bizagira ingaruka.
Ihinduka ryamanutse rya DC-DC ryubatswe kugirango ryerekane ibi.Ibizamini byo kubanziriza EMC ibizamini byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 4 bikora scan yakozwe mu kirere hagati ya 150kHz na 108MHz.
Ni ngombwa kwemeza ko ubushobozi bukoreshwa muri ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe buturuka ku ruganda rumwe kugira ngo wirinde itandukaniro mu biranga inzitizi.Iyo kugurisha ubushobozi bwa PCB, menya neza ko nta nzira ndende ihari, kuko ibi bizongera ESL ya ubushobozi. Igice cya 5 cyerekana ibice bitatu.
Ibisubizo byanduye byakozwe muri ibi bikoresho bitatu byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 6.Birashobora kugaragara ko, ugereranije na capacitori imwe 680 µF, ubushobozi bwa 330 µF bugera ku bikorwa byo kugabanya urusaku rwa 6 dB hejuru yumurongo mugari.
Duhereye ku nyigisho z’umuzunguruko, hashobora kuvugwa ko muguhuza ubushobozi bubiri muburyo bubangikanye, ESL na ESR byombi bigabanijwemo kabiri. Uhereye kubitekerezo bya field field, ntabwo ari isoko imwe yingufu gusa, ahubwo amasoko abiri yingufu zitangwa kumutwaro umwe . guhinduranya, tugabanya igihe cyo kohereza ingufu, byongera neza intambwe yintambwe ya capacitor.
Igisubizo kiratubwira isomo ryingenzi cyane.Kongera ubushobozi bwa capacitor imwe ntizishobora gushyigikira intambwe isaba ingufu nyinshi.Niba bishoboka, koresha ibice bito bito bya capacitif.Hari impamvu nyinshi nziza zibitera.Icyambere ni ikiguzi. Muri rusange kuvuga, kubunini bwa paki imwe, ikiguzi cya capacitori cyiyongera cyane hamwe nagaciro ka capacitance. Gukoresha capacitor imwe birashobora kuba bihenze kuruta gukoresha capacitori ntoya. Impamvu ya kabiri nubunini. Impamvu igabanya ibicuruzwa mubusanzwe ni uburebure by'ibigize. Kubushobozi bwa capacitori nini, uburebure akenshi ni bunini cyane kubishushanyo mbonera. Impamvu ya gatatu ni imikorere ya EMC twabonye mubushakashatsi bwakozwe.
Ikindi kintu ugomba gusuzuma mugihe ukoresheje capacitori ya electrolytique nuko mugihe uhuza capacator ebyiri murukurikirane kugirango ugabanye voltage, uzakenera kuringaniza 6.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, capacitori ceramic nibikoresho bito bishobora gutanga ingufu byihuse.Nkunze kubazwa ikibazo "Nkeneye capacitori zingahe?" Igisubizo cyiki kibazo nuko kuri capacitori ceramic, agaciro ka capacitance ntigomba kuba ingenzi. Icyitonderwa cyingenzi hano ni ukumenya inshuro umuvuduko wo kohereza ingufu zihagije kubyo usaba.Niba imyuka yoherejwe yananiwe kuri 100 MHz, noneho capacitor ifite inzitizi ntoya kuri 100 MHz izaba ihitamo ryiza.
Ubu ni ubundi buryo bwo kudasobanukirwa MLCC.Nabonye injeniyeri zikoresha ingufu nyinshi zihitamo capacitori ceramic hamwe na ESR yo hasi cyane na ESL mbere yo guhuza capacator na point de RF yerekanwe mumirongo miremire.Ni ngombwa kuvuga ko ESL ya MLCC mubusanzwe ari myinshi munsi kurenza guhuza inductance kurubaho. Inductance yo guhuza iracyari ikintu cyingenzi cyane kigira ingaruka kumurongo mwinshi wa capacitori ceramic7.
Igicapo 7 kirerekana urugero rubi.Ibimenyetso birebire (santimetero 0,5 z'uburebure) byerekana byibura 10nH inductance. Igisubizo cyo kwigana cyerekana ko impedance ya capacitor iba hejuru cyane kuruta uko byari byitezwe kuri frequency (50 MHz).
Kimwe mu bibazo na MLCCs nuko bakunda kumvikana nuburyo bwimikorere ku kibaho. Ibi birashobora kugaragara murugero rwerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 8, aho ikoreshwa rya 10 µF MLCC ritangiza resonance hafi 300 kHz.
Urashobora kugabanya resonance uhitamo ibice bifite ESR nini cyangwa ugashyira gusa résistoriste ntoya (nka 1 ohm) murukurikirane hamwe na capacitori. Ubu bwoko bwuburyo bukoresha ibice byabuze kugirango uhagarike sisitemu.Ubundi buryo nukoresha ubundi bushobozi agaciro kwimura resonance kumurongo wo hasi cyangwa murwego rwo hejuru.
Ubushobozi bwa firime bukoreshwa mubisabwa byinshi.Ni ubushobozi bwo guhitamo imbaraga zikomeye DC-DC zihindura kandi zikoreshwa nka EMI yo guhagarika filtri hejuru yumurongo wamashanyarazi (AC na DC) hamwe nuburyo busanzwe bwo kuyungurura. Dufata capacitor ya X nkuko urugero rwo kwerekana zimwe mu ngingo zingenzi zo gukoresha ubushobozi bwa firime.
Niba ikintu kibaye kibaye, gifasha kugabanya impagarara zingana na voltage kumurongo, kubwibyo isanzwe ikoreshwa hamwe na suppressor ya voltage yinzibacyuho (TVS) cyangwa varistor ya metal oxyde (MOV).
Urashobora kuba usanzwe uzi ibi byose, ariko wari uzi ko ubushobozi bwa capacitance ya X capacitor ishobora kugabanuka cyane hamwe nimyaka yo kuyikoresha? Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane niba capacitori ikoreshwa mubidukikije.Nabonye ubushobozi bwa capacitance ya capacitor ya X igabanuka gusa kuri bike kwijana ryagaciro kayo mugihe cyumwaka umwe cyangwa ibiri, sisitemu rero yabanje gukora hamwe na X capacitor yatakaje uburinzi bwose ubushobozi bwimbere-bushobora kuba bufite.
None, byagenze bite? Umwuka w'ubushuhe urashobora gutembera muri capacitor, hejuru y'insinga no hagati yagasanduku n'ikibumbano cya epoxy. Metallisation ya aluminium irashobora noneho kuba oxyde.Alumina ni insuliranteri nziza y'amashanyarazi, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi.Iki nikibazo ko ubushobozi bwa firime zose zizahura nazo.Ikibazo mvuga ni ubunini bwa firime. Ibirango byemewe bya capacitori bikoresha firime zibyibushye, bikavamo ubushobozi bunini kuruta ibindi birango. kandi ntibishoboka kwikiza.
Niba capacitori X idahujwe burundu nogutanga amashanyarazi, ubwo rero ntukeneye guhangayika.Urugero, kubicuruzwa bifite ihinduka rikomeye hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi na capacitor, ingano irashobora kuba ingenzi kuruta ubuzima, kandi noneho urashobora guhitamo ubushobozi bworoshye.
Ariko, niba capacitor ihujwe burundu nisoko yingufu, igomba kuba yizewe cyane. Okiside ya capacator ntabwo byanze bikunze.Niba ibikoresho bya capacitori epoxy bifite ireme ryiza kandi na capacitor ntabwo ikunze guhura nubushyuhe bukabije, kugabanuka kwa agaciro kagomba kuba gake.
Muri iki kiganiro, banza utangire ibitekerezo byumurima reba ubushobozi bwa capacitori. Ingero zifatika nibisubizo byigero byerekana uburyo bwo guhitamo no gukoresha ubwoko bwa capacitori busanzwe.Twizere ko aya makuru ashobora kugufasha kumva uruhare rwa capacator muburyo bwa elegitoronike na EMC muburyo bwuzuye.
Dr. Min Zhang ni we washinze kandi akaba n'umujyanama mukuru wa EMC wa Mach One Design Ltd, isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ubwubatsi ikorera mu Bwongereza izobereye mu bijyanye no kugisha inama EMC, gukemura ibibazo no guhugura. ibigo ku isi.
Mu Kwubahiriza nisoko nyamukuru yamakuru, amakuru, uburezi no guhumekera kubashinzwe amashanyarazi na elegitoroniki.
Ikirere cyo mu kirere Itumanaho ry’umuguzi Abaguzi ba elegitoroniki Uburezi Ingufu n’inganda Ingufu Amakuru Ikoranabuhanga Ubuvuzi Igisirikare n’Ingabo z’igihugu