amakuru

Hafi y'ibintu byose duhura nabyo mwisi ya none bishingiye kuri elegitoroniki kurwego runaka.Kubera ko twabonye bwa mbere uburyo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi kugirango tubyare imirimo yubukanishi, twakoze ibikoresho binini na bito kugirango tunoze tekiniki mubuzima bwacu. Kuva kumatara yamashanyarazi kugeza kuri terefone, buri gikoresho dutezimbere igizwe nibice bike byoroheje bidoda hamwe muburyo butandukanye.Mu byukuri, mu binyejana birenga ijana, twashingiye:
Impinduramatwara ya kijyambere ya elegitoroniki ishingiye kuri ubu bwoko bune bwibice, hiyongereyeho - nyuma - transistors, kugirango ituzanire hafi ibintu byose dukoresha uyumunsi.Nkuko twiruka kugabanura ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, kugenzura ibintu byinshi kandi byinshi mubuzima bwacu nukuri, twohereza amakuru menshi hamwe imbaraga nke, no guhuza ibikoresho byacu hagati yacu, duhita duhura nimbibi za kera.Ikoranabuhanga.Ariko, muntangiriro ya 2000, amajyambere atanu yose yarahurije hamwe, kandi batangiye guhindura isi yacu igezweho.Dore uko byagenze.
1.0 gufungirwa hamwe mu buryo bwa kirisiti ya mpandeshatu, byashyizwe mu bwigunge muri laboratoire. Gusa hashize imyaka itandatu nyuma y’iri terambere, abayivumbuye Andrei Heim na Kostya Novoselov bahawe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri fiziki.Ntabwo ari ibintu bikomeye cyane byakozwe, bidashobora kwihanganira bidasanzwe. umubiri, imiti, nubushyuhe bwumuriro, ariko mubyukuri ni akazu keza ka atome.
Graphene ifite kandi uburyo bushimishije bwo kuyobora, bivuze ko niba ibikoresho bya elegitoronike, harimo na tristoriste, bishobora gukorwa muri graphene aho kuba silikoni, birashobora kuba bito kandi byihuse kuruta ikintu cyose dufite uyu munsi.Niba graphene ivanze muri plastiki, irashobora guhinduka ibikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe, imbaraga zikomeye nazo zitwara amashanyarazi. Byongeye kandi, graphene igera kuri 98% ibonerana kumucyo, bivuze ko ari impinduramatwara kuri ecran ya ecran ibonerana, imirasire itanga urumuri ndetse ningirangingo zizuba.Nkuko Fondasiyo ya Nobel yabivuze imyaka 11 kera, “birashoboka ko turi hafi yandi miniaturizasiya ya elegitoroniki izatuma mudasobwa zikora neza mu gihe kiri imbere.”
2.) Kurwanya imirwanyasuri ya Surface. Ubu ni tekinoroji ya "shyashya" ya kera kandi birashoboka ko imenyerewe kubantu bose batandukanije mudasobwa cyangwa terefone ngendanwa. Kurwanya imisozi yo hejuru ni ikintu gito cyurukiramende, ubusanzwe gikozwe muri ceramic, gifite impande ziyobora kuri byombi birangira. Iterambere ryibumba, rirwanya umuvuduko wumuyaga udakwirakwije imbaraga cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi, byatumye bishoboka gukora rezistoriste iruta iyakera gakondo gakondo yakoreshejwe mbere: axial lead resistance.
Iyi mitungo ituma biba byiza gukoreshwa mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigezweho, cyane cyane imbaraga nkeya nibikoresho bigendanwa.Niba ukeneye résistoriste, urashobora gukoresha imwe muri izi SMDs (ibikoresho byububiko bwo hejuru) kugirango ugabanye ingano ukeneye kubarwanya, cyangwa kwiyongera imbaraga ushobora kubakoresha murwego rumwe.
3.) Supercapacitor.Capacator ni bumwe mu buhanga bwa elegitoroniki bwa kera.Bishingiye ku buryo bworoshye aho ibintu bibiri bitwara ibintu (amasahani, silinderi, ibishishwa bya serefegitura, n'ibindi) bitandukanijwe hagati y’intera nto, kandi byombi ubuso burashobora kugumana amafaranga angana kandi atandukanye.Iyo ugerageje kunyura mumashanyarazi unyuze muri capacitor yishyuza kandi mugihe uzimye umuyoboro cyangwa ugahuza amasahani abiri capacitor isohora. guturika byihuse imbaraga zarekuwe, hamwe na elegitoroniki ya piezoelectric, aho impinduka zumuvuduko wibikoresho zitanga ibimenyetso byamashanyarazi.
Birumvikana ko gukora amasahani menshi yatandukanijwe nintera ntoya kurwego ruto cyane, ntabwo bigoye gusa ahubwo ni bike cyane. Iterambere rya vuba mubikoresho - cyane cyane calcium y'umuringa wa calcium titanate (CCTO) - rishobora kubika amafaranga menshi mumwanya muto: supercapacitor. Ibi bikoresho bito birashobora kwishyurwa no gusohoka inshuro nyinshi mbere yuko bishira;kwishyuza no gusohora vuba;kandi ubike inshuro 100 ingufu zingana nubunini bwa capacator zishaje.Ni tekinoroji yo guhindura umukino iyo igeze kuri miniaturizing electronics.
4.) Inductors za super.Nkuko uwanyuma wa "Big Bitatu," superinductor numukinnyi uheruka gusohoka kugeza muri 2018.Ku inductor ahanini ni coil hamwe numuyoboro ukoreshwa hamwe na magnetizable.Inductor zirwanya impinduka mumikorere yimbere ya magnetiki. umurima, bivuze ko niba ugerageje kureka ikigezweho kinyuzamo, irwanya akanya gato, hanyuma ikemerera umuyaga gutembera mubwisanzure, hanyuma amaherezo ikarwanya impinduka mugihe uzimye umuyaga.Muri hamwe na résistorants na capacator, ni ba ibintu bitatu by'ibanze bigize imizunguruko yose.Ariko nanone, hariho imipaka yukuntu bashobora kubona.
Ikibazo nuko agaciro ka inductance katerwa nubuso bwa inductor, ikaba ari umwicanyi winzozi mubijyanye na miniaturizasi.Ariko usibye na induction ya magnetiki ya classique, hariho n'igitekerezo cyo kwinjiza ingufu za kinetic: inertia ya ibice bitwara ubwabyo ubwabyo birinda impinduka mubikorwa byabo. Gusa nkuko ibimonyo kumurongo bigomba "kuvugana" kugirango bihindure umuvuduko wabo, utwo duce dutwara amashanyarazi, nka electron, dukeneye gushyira ingufu kuri mugenzi wawe kugirango yihute cyangwa gahoro gahoro. Uku kurwanya guhinduka bitera imyumvire yo kugenda.Mu buyobozi bwa Laboratoire yubushakashatsi ya Nanoelectronics ya Kaustav Banerjee, indangururamajwi ya kinetic ikoresha tekinoroji ya graphene ubu yatejwe imbere: ibikoresho byimbitse bya inductance byigeze byandikwa.
5.) Shyira graphene mubikoresho byose.Ubu reka dusuzume. Dufite graphene. Dufite verisiyo ya "super" ya rezistoriste, capacator na inductor - miniaturized, ikomeye, yizewe kandi ikora neza. Inzitizi yanyuma muri revolution ya ultra-miniaturisation muri electronics , byibuze mubitekerezo, nubushobozi bwo guhindura igikoresho icyo aricyo cyose (gikozwe mubintu hafi ya byose) mubikoresho bya elegitoronike. Kugirango ibi bishoboke, icyo dukeneye nukubasha gushira ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bishingiye kuri graphene muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose dushaka, harimo ibikoresho byoroshye. Kuba graphene ifite amazi meza, guhinduka, imbaraga, no gutwara, nubwo bitagira ingaruka kubantu, bituma biba byiza kubwiyi ntego.
Mu myaka mike ishize, ibikoresho bya graphene na graphene byahimbwe muburyo bwagezweho gusa mubikorwa bike ubwabyo birakomeye.Ushobora okiside ya grafite isanzwe ishaje, ukayishonga mumazi, ugakora graphene ukoresheje imyuka ya chimique. kubitsa.Nyamara, hariho substrate nkeya kuri graphene ishobora kubikwa murubu buryo. Urashobora kugabanya imiti ya oxyde ya graphene, ariko nubikora, uzarangiza na graphene idafite ireme.Ushobora kandi gutanga graphene ukoresheje exfolisiyonike. , ariko ibi ntibikwemerera kugenzura ingano cyangwa ubunini bwa graphene ukora.
Aha niho hajyaho iterambere muri graphene yanditswemo laser.Hariho inzira ebyiri zingenzi zo kubigeraho. Umwe ni ugutangirira kuri okiside ya graphene. Kimwe na mbere: ufata grafite ukayitera okiside, ariko aho kuyigabanya imiti, urayigabanya. hamwe na lazeri. Bitandukanye na graphene oxyde yagabanutse, nibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge bishobora gukoreshwa muri supercapacator, imiyoboro ya elegitoronike, hamwe namakarita yo kwibuka, nibindi.
Urashobora kandi gukoresha polyimide, plastike yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, hamwe na graphene yerekana neza na lazeri. Lazeri isenya imiyoboro ya chimique murusobe rwa polyimide, hamwe na atome ya karubone yongeye kwiyubaka kugirango ikore impapuro zoroshye, zifite ubuziranenge bwa graphene.Polyimide yerekanye toni yubushobozi bushobora gukoreshwa, kuko niba ushobora gushushanya imirongo ya graphene, urashobora guhindura muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwa polyimide muburyo bwa elegitoroniki ishobora kwambara.Ibi, kuvuga amazina make, harimo:
Ariko birashoboka ko bishimishije cyane - ukurikije kugaragara, kuzamuka, no kugaragara hose mubuvumbuzi bushya bwa graphene yanditswe na lazeri-iri murwego rwo hejuru y'ibishoboka ubu. Hamwe na graphene yanditswe na laser, urashobora gusarura no kubika ingufu: igikoresho kigenzura ingufu .Bimwe mu ngero zikomeye cyane zikoranabuhanga zananiwe gutera imbere ni bateri.Uyu munsi, dukoresha hafi ya chemisties yumye yumye kugirango tubike ingufu zamashanyarazi, tekinoroji imaze ibinyejana byinshi. Porotipi yibikoresho bishya bibikwa, nka bateri ya zinc-air na leta ikomeye. ubushobozi bwa electrochemical capacator, byaremewe.
Hamwe na graphene yanditsweho lazeri, ntidushobora guhindura uburyo bwo kubika ingufu gusa, ahubwo dushobora no gukora ibikoresho byambarwa bihindura ingufu za mashini mumashanyarazi: nanogenerator ya triboelectric.Turashobora gukora fotokolitiki kama idasanzwe ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura ingufu zizuba.Twe irashobora kandi gukora selile ya biofuel yoroheje;ibishoboka ni binini.Ku mipaka yo gukusanya no kubika ingufu, impinduramatwara zose mugihe gito.
Byongeye kandi, graphene yanditsweho lazeri igomba gutangiza mugihe cyimyumvire itigeze ibaho.Ibi birimo ibyuma byumubiri, kuko impinduka zumubiri (nkubushyuhe cyangwa imbaraga) zitera impinduka mumitungo y'amashanyarazi nko kurwanya no kwangara (bikubiyemo umusanzu wa capacitance na inductance; ) .Birimo kandi ibikoresho byerekana impinduka mumiterere ya gaze nubushuhe, kandi - iyo bikoreshejwe mumubiri wumuntu - impinduka zumubiri mubimenyetso byingenzi byumuntu.Urugero, igitekerezo cya tricorder ya Star Trek ishobora guhita ishira vuba na gusa guhuza ibimenyetso byingenzi bikurikirana patch ihita itumenyesha impinduka zose ziteye ubwoba mumibiri yacu.
Uyu murongo w'ibitekerezo urashobora kandi gufungura umurima mushya: biosensor ishingiye ku buhanga bwa graphene yanditswe na laser.Umuhogo wubuhanga ushingiye kuri graphene wanditseho lazeri ushobora gufasha kugenzura ihindagurika ry'umuhogo, ukamenya itandukaniro ryerekana ibimenyetso hagati yo gukorora, kuvuza induru, gutaka, kumira no kuryama ingendo. Graphene yanditsweho na lazeri nayo ifite ubushobozi bukomeye niba ushaka gukora bioreceptor artificiel ishobora kwibasira molekile yihariye, gushushanya biosensor zitandukanye zishobora kwambara, cyangwa no gufasha gukora progaramu zitandukanye za telemedisine.
Mu 2004 ni bwo hashyizweho uburyo bwo gukora impapuro za graphene, byibura nkana, mu myaka 17 ishize, uruhererekane rw’iterambere ruringaniye rwaje ku mwanya wa mbere amahirwe yo guhindura uburyo abantu bakorana na elegitoroniki. Ugereranije nuburyo bwose buriho bwo gukora no guhimba ibikoresho bishingiye kuri graphene, graphene yanditsweho laser ituma byoroheje, byabyara umusaruro-mwinshi, ubuziranenge, kandi buhendutse bwa graphene muburyo butandukanye burimo guhindura ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
Mu minsi ya vuba, birakwiriye ko dutegereza iterambere mu rwego rwingufu, harimo kugenzura ingufu, gusarura ingufu, no kubika ingufu.Ikindi kandi mugihe cya vuba ni iterambere mu byuma byifashishwa, birimo ibyuma bifatika, ibyuma bya gaze, ndetse na biosensor.Ibikomeye impinduramatwara irashobora guturuka kumyenda yambara, harimo nibikoresho byo kwisuzumisha kuri telemedisine. Kugira ngo tumenye neza ko imbogamizi nimbogamizi nyinshi zisigaye.Ariko izo nzitizi zisaba kwiyongera aho kuba iterambere ryimpinduramatwara. Nkuko ibikoresho bihujwe na interineti yibintu bikomeje kwiyongera, bikenewe ultra-small electronics irakomeye kuruta ikindi gihe cyose. Hamwe niterambere rigezweho mubuhanga bwa graphene, ejo hazaza harahari muburyo bwinshi.