amakuru

Ahari nyuma y amategeko ya Ohm, itegeko rya kabiri rizwi cyane muri elegitoroniki ni itegeko rya Moore: Umubare wa tristoriste ushobora gukorerwa kumuzunguruko uhuriweho wikuba kabiri mumyaka ibiri cyangwa irenga.Kubera ko ingano yumubiri ya chip ikomeza kuba imwe, bivuze ko transistor kugiti cye kizaba gito mugihe runaka.Twatangiye kwitegereza igisekuru gishya cya chip hamwe nubunini buto bugaragara kugaragara kumuvuduko usanzwe, ariko bimaze iki gukora ibintu bito? Ese bito buri gihe bivuze ibyiza?
Mu kinyejana gishize, ubwubatsi bwa elegitoronike bwateye intambwe ishimishije.Mu myaka ya za 1920, amaradiyo ya AM yateye imbere yari agizwe na tebes nyinshi za vacuum, inductors nini nini, capacator na résistoriste, metero mirongo yinsinga zikoreshwa nka antene, hamwe na bateri nini. Kuri Imbaraga Igikoresho cyose.Uyu munsi, urashobora Kumva serivise zirenga icumi zogutanga imiziki kubikoresho mumufuka wawe, kandi urashobora gukora byinshi.Ariko miniaturisiyoneri ntabwo ari portable gusa: birakenewe rwose kugirango tugere kumikorere dutegereje kubikoresho byacu uyumunsi.
Inyungu imwe igaragara yibice bito nuko bakwemerera gushyiramo imikorere myinshi mubunini bumwe.Ibi nibyingenzi byumwihariko kumuzunguruko wa digitale: ibice byinshi bivuze ko ushobora gukora byinshi gutunganya mugihe kingana. Urugero, mubitekerezo, the ingano yamakuru yatunganijwe na 64-bit bitunganijwe ni inshuro umunani zijyanye na 8-biti ya CPU ikora ku isaha imwe.Ariko irasaba kandi inshuro umunani ibice byinshi: kwiyandikisha, kongeramo, bisi, nibindi byose ni umunani. .Nuko rero ukeneye chip iruta inshuro umunani cyangwa transistor ikubye inshuro umunani.
Ni nako bimeze kuri chip yo kwibuka: Mugukora tristoriste ntoya, ufite umwanya munini wo kubika mubunini bumwe. Piksel muri disikuru nyinshi uyumunsi ikozwe muri tristoriste yoroheje, birumvikana rero kubipima hasi no kugera kumyanzuro ihanitse.Nyamara , tristoriste ntoya, nibyiza, kandi hariho indi mpamvu ikomeye: imikorere yabo iratera imbere cyane.Ariko kuki mubyukuri?
Igihe cyose ukoze tristoriste, izatanga ibice byinyongera kubuntu.Buri terefone ifite rezistor ikurikirana.Ikintu cyose gitwara amashanyarazi nacyo gifite kwishira mu bikorwa. Ubwanyuma, hariho ubushobozi hagati yabayobora bombi bahanganye.Ingaruka zose koresha imbaraga kandi ugabanye umuvuduko wa transistor.Ubushobozi bwa parasitike burahangayikishije cyane: bigomba kwishyurwa no gusohora igihe cyose tristoriste ifunguye cyangwa yazimye, bisaba igihe nigihe kiva mumashanyarazi.
Ubushobozi buri hagati yimyitwarire ibiri nigikorwa cyubunini bwumubiri: ingano ntoya isobanura ubushobozi buke.Kandi kubera ko ubushobozi buke busobanura umuvuduko mwinshi nimbaraga nke, tristoriste ntoya irashobora gukora kumasaha menshi kandi ikagabanya ubushyuhe buke kubikora.
Mugihe ugabanya ingano ya tristoriste, capacitance ntabwo arizo ngaruka zonyine zihinduka: hari ingaruka nyinshi zidasanzwe za kwantimatike zidasanzwe zitagaragara kubikoresho binini.Nyamara, muri rusange, kuvuga ko gukora tristoriste ntoya bizatuma byihuta.Ariko ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike nibyinshi kuruta transistors gusa.Iyo ugabanije ibindi bice, bakora gute?
Muri rusange, ibice bigize pasiporo nka résistoriste, capacator, na inductor ntabwo bizagenda neza iyo bibaye bito: muburyo bwinshi, bizarushaho kuba bibi. Kubwibyo, miniaturizasi yibi bice ahanini ni ukugira ngo ubashe kuyikanda mubunini buke , bityo uzigame umwanya wa PCB.
Ingano ya résistoriste irashobora kugabanuka nta gutera igihombo kinini. Kurwanya igice cyibintu bitangwa na, aho l ni uburebure, A ni agace kambukiranya, kandi ρ ni ukurwanya ibintu.Ushobora gabanya gusa uburebure no kwambukiranya ibice, hanyuma urangize hamwe na résistoriste ntoya ku mubiri, ariko ugifite imyigaragambyo imwe.Ikibi gusa ni uko iyo ukwirakwije imbaraga zimwe, résistoriste ntoya izabyara ubushyuhe burenze ubwinshi bwurwanya.Niyo mpamvu, nto résistoriste irashobora gukoreshwa gusa mumashanyarazi make.Iyi mbonerahamwe irerekana uburyo igipimo ntarengwa cyingufu za SMD zirwanya kigabanuka uko ubunini bwazo bugabanuka.
Uyu munsi, résistoriste ntoya ushobora kugura nubunini bwa metero 03015 (0.3 mm x 0,15 mm) .Imbaraga zabo zapimwe ni mW 20 gusa kandi zikoreshwa gusa kumirongo ikwirakwiza ingufu nke cyane kandi zifite ubunini buke.Ubunini buto 0201 paki (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm) yararekuwe, ariko ntirashyirwa mubikorwa.Ariko niyo bigaragara muri kataloge yuwabikoze, ntutegereze ko bizaba hose: robot nyinshi zitoranya nizishyira ntabwo zihagije kubikemura, birashobora rero kuba ibicuruzwa byiza.
Ubushobozi bushobora kandi kugabanuka, ariko ibi bizagabanya ubushobozi bwabo. Inzira yo kubara ubushobozi bwa capacitor ya shunt ni, aho A ni agace kibaho, d ni intera iri hagati yabo, kandi ε ni dielectric ihoraho . ni uguteranya ibice byinshi hamwe.Iterambere ryiterambere mubikoresho ninganda, nazo zakoze firime ntoya (d d) na dielectrics idasanzwe (hamwe nini ε) bishoboka, ingano ya capacator yagabanutse cyane mumyaka mike ishize.
Ubushobozi buke buboneka muri iki gihe buri muri pake ya ultra-nto ya metero 0201: mm 0,25 mm x 0,125 mm gusa. bisaba ibikoresho bigezweho byo kubikemura, bigabanya kwakirwa kwabo.
Kuri inductors, inkuru ni amacenga make.Induction ya coil igororotse itangwa na, aho N numubare wimpinduka, A nigice cyambukiranya igice cya coil, l nuburebure bwacyo, na μ ni the ibintu bihoraho (permeability) .Niba ibipimo byose bigabanutseho kimwe cya kabiri, inductance nayo izagabanukaho kimwe cya kabiri.Nyamara, kurwanya insinga bikomeza kuba bimwe: ibi ni ukubera ko uburebure nibice byinsinga bigabanuka kugeza a kimwe cya kane cyagaciro kayo kambere.Ibyo bivuze ko urangiza ukarwanya kimwe cya kabiri cya inductance, bityo ukagabanya kabiri ubuziranenge (Q) bwa coil.
Indorerezi ntoya cyane yubucuruzi iboneka ifite ubunini bwa santimetero 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm) .Ibyo bingana na 56 nH kandi bifite imbaraga zo kurwanya oms nkeya. ikigaragara nuko batigeze bamenyekana ku isoko.
Imipaka igaragara ya inductors yakemuwe hakoreshejwe phenomenon yitwa dinamike inductance, ishobora kugaragara muri coil ikozwe muri graphene.Ariko nubwo bimeze bityo, niba ishobora gukorwa muburyo bwubucuruzi, ishobora kwiyongera 50% .Birangiza, coil ntishobora kugabanywa neza.Nyamara, niba umuzunguruko wawe ukorera kumurongo mwinshi, ntabwo byanze bikunze ari ikibazo.Niba ibimenyetso byawe biri murwego rwa GHz, ibiceri bike bya nH mubisanzwe birahagije.
Ibi biratuzanira ikindi kintu cyabaye miniaturizasi mu kinyejana gishize ariko ntushobora guhita ubibona: uburebure bwumurongo dukoresha mu itumanaho. Kera amaradiyo yakoresheje radiyo yo hagati ya AM ya radiyo igera kuri 1 MHz hamwe nuburebure bwa metero 300. Itsinda rya FM ryibanze kuri 100 MHz cyangwa metero 3 ryamenyekanye cyane nko mu myaka ya za 1960, kandi uyumunsi dukoresha cyane cyane itumanaho rya 4G hafi ya 1 cyangwa 2 GHz (hafi cm 20) .Imirongo myinshi isobanura ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakuru.Ni ukubera miniaturizasiya dufite amaradiyo ahendutse, yizewe kandi azigama ingufu zikora kuriyi radiyo.
Kugabanya uburebure bwumuraba birashobora kugabanya antene kuko ubunini bwazo bufitanye isano itaziguye numurongo bakeneye kohereza cyangwa kwakira. Terefone zigendanwa zo muri iki gihe ntizikeneye antenne ndende ndende, bitewe n’itumanaho ryabo ryabigenewe kuri GHz, kuri antenne ikenera kuba imwe gusa. santimetero ndende.Niyo mpamvu terefone nyinshi zigendanwa zigifite imashini zakira FM zigusaba gucomeka kuri terefone mbere yo kuyikoresha: radio igomba gukoresha insinga ya terefone nka antene kugirango ubone imbaraga zerekana ibimenyetso bihagije muri iyo mipfunda ndende ya metero imwe.
Kubijyanye numuzunguruko uhujwe na antenne yacu ntoya, iyo ari nto, mubyukuri byoroha gukora.Ibi sibyo gusa kuko transistor yihuta, ariko nanone kubera ko ingaruka zumurongo utakiri ikibazo. Muri make, iyo uburebure y'insinga irenze kimwe cya cumi cyuburebure bwumuraba, ugomba gusuzuma ihinduka ryicyiciro cyuburebure bwacyo mugihe utegura uruziga. Kuri 2.4 GHz, bivuze ko santimetero imwe gusa yinsinga yagize ingaruka kumuzunguruko wawe;niba ugurisha ibice bitandukanye hamwe, birababaza umutwe, ariko niba ushyize umuzenguruko kuri milimetero kare, ntabwo ari ikibazo.
Guteganya irangizwa ry'amategeko ya Moore, cyangwa kwerekana ko ubwo buhanuzi bwibeshye inshuro nyinshi, byahindutse insanganyamatsiko yagarutse mu itangazamakuru ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga. Ikigaragara ni uko Intel, Samsung, na TSMC, abanywanyi batatu bakiri ku isonga. y'umukino, komeza uhagarike ibintu byinshi kuri micrometero kare, kandi utegure kumenyekanisha ibisekuruza byinshi bya chip nziza zizaza mugihe kizaza.Nubwo iterambere bagezeho kuri buri ntambwe rishobora kuba rinini nkimyaka 20 ishize, miniaturizasi ya transistors birakomeza.
Ariko, kubintu bitandukanijwe, dusa nkaho twageze kumipaka karemano: kubigira bito ntabwo bitezimbere imikorere yabo, kandi ibice bito biboneka kurubu ni bito kurenza imanza nyinshi zikoreshwa.Birasa nkaho nta tegeko rya Moore ryibikoresho byihariye, ariko niba hariho Amategeko ya Moore, twifuza kureba uburyo umuntu umwe ashobora gusunika ikibazo cyo kugurisha SMD.
Nahoraga nifuza gufata ifoto yumurwanya wa PTH nakoresheje mu myaka ya za 70, nkayishyiraho résistoriste ya SMD, nkanjye ndimo guhinduranya / hanze ubu. Intego yanjye ni ugukora barumuna banjye (nta numwe muri bo ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike) impinduka zingana iki, harimo nshobora no kubona ibice byakazi kanjye, (uko amaso yanjye agenda arushaho kuba mabi, amaboko yanjye agenda arushaho guhinda umushyitsi).
Nkunda kuvuga, ni hamwe cyangwa ntabwo.Nanze rwose "gutera imbere, gukira."Rimwe na rimwe, imiterere yawe ikora neza, ariko ntushobora kubona ibice.Ni ikihe kizimu?
Ati: "Ikigaragara ni uko ibigo bitatu Intel, Samsung na TSMC bikomeje guhatanira umwanya wa mbere muri uyu mukino, bigahora bisohora ibintu byinshi kuri micrometero kare."
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike ni binini kandi bihenze.Mu 1971, umuryango usanzwe wari ufite amaradiyo make, stereo na TV.Mu 1976, mudasobwa, calculatrice, amasaha ya digitale n'amasaha byari byasohotse, byari bito kandi bihendutse kubakoresha.
Miniaturisation imwe iva mubishushanyo.Ibikorwa byongera imbaraga byemerera gukoresha za giratori, zishobora gusimbuza inductors nini mubihe bimwe na bimwe. Akayunguruzo gakora kandi gakuraho inductors.
Ibice binini biteza imbere ibindi bintu: kugabanya umuzunguruko, ni ukuvuga, kugerageza gukoresha ibice bike kugirango umuzunguruko ukore.Uyu munsi, ntabwo tubyitayeho cyane. Harakenewe ikintu cyo guhindura ibimenyetso? Fata amplifier ikora. Ukeneye imashini ya leta? Fata mpu.etc.Ibigize uyumunsi ni bito rwose, ariko mubyukuri harimo ibice byinshi imbere. Mubusanzwe rero ingano yumuzunguruko wawe iriyongera kandi ikoreshwa ryingufu ryiyongera. Transistor ikoreshwa muguhindura ikimenyetso ikoresha imbaraga nke kuri kurangiza akazi kamwe kuruta amplifier ikora.Ariko noneho na none, miniaturisation izita ku gukoresha imbaraga.Ni uko udushya twagiye mu bundi buryo.
Wabuze rwose inyungu / impamvu zikomeye zo kugabanya ingano: kugabanya parasitike ya pake no kongera ingufu (bisa nkaho bivuguruzanya).
Duhereye ku buryo bufatika, ingano yimiterere imaze kugera kuri 0.25u, uzagera ku rwego rwa GHz, icyo gihe pake nini ya SOP itangira gutanga umusaruro munini * ingaruka. Intsinga ndende ihuza hamwe nuyoboye amaherezo izakwica.
Kuri ubu, QFN / BGA yamapaki yateye imbere cyane mubikorwa.Mubyongeyeho, iyo ushyizeho pake igereranije nkiyi, urangiza ufite * cyane * imikorere myiza yubushyuhe hamwe na padi igaragara.
Byongeye kandi, Intel, Samsung, na TSMC bizagira uruhare runini, ariko ASML irashobora kuba ingenzi cyane kururu rutonde. Birumvikana ko ibi bidashobora gukoreshwa kumajwi atuje…
Ntabwo ari ukugabanya ibiciro bya silicon gusa binyuze mumasekuruza azakurikiraho.Ibindi bintu, nk'imifuka.Ibikoresho bito bisaba ibikoresho bike na wcsp cyangwa ndetse bike.
Nkunze kubona ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bya kataloge, aho ikintu cyonyine cyo gutwara ari ukugabanya ibiciro.MHz / ubunini bwibuke burasa, imikorere ya SOC hamwe na pin gahunda ni bimwe. Turashobora gukoresha tekinoroji nshya kugirango tugabanye gukoresha amashanyarazi (mubisanzwe ibi ntabwo ari ubuntu, so hagomba kubaho ibyiza byo guhatanira abakiriya bitaho)
Kimwe mu byiza bigize ibice binini ni ibikoresho birwanya imirasire.Toristoriste ntoya irashobora kwibasirwa n'ingaruka z'imirasire y'ikirere, muri ibi bihe by'ingenzi. Urugero, mu kirere ndetse no mu burebure bwo hejuru.
Ntabwo nabonye impamvu nyamukuru yo kongera umuvuduko.Umuvuduko wibimenyetso ni hafi santimetero 8 kuri nanosekond.None rero nukugabanya ubunini, chip byihuse birashoboka.
Urashobora gushaka kugenzura imibare yawe bwite ubara itandukaniro mugutinda kwamamazwa bitewe nimpinduka zo gupakira no kugabanuka kwizunguruka (1 / inshuro) .Ibyo ni ukugabanya gutinda / igihe cyimitwe.Uzasanga ntanubwo igaragara nkuko ikintu kizunguruka.
Ikintu kimwe nshaka kongeramo nuko IC nyinshi, cyane cyane ibishushanyo bishaje hamwe na chip analogi, mubyukuri ntabwo bigabanutse, byibuze imbere. Kubera iterambere ryogukora mu buryo bwikora, paki zabaye nto, ariko ibyo biterwa nuko paki ya DIP mubusanzwe iba ifite byinshi umwanya usigaye imbere, ntabwo kuberako transistors nibindi byabaye bito.
Usibye ikibazo cyo gukora robot neza kuburyo buhagije kugirango ikemure uduce duto muburyo bwihuse bwo gutoranya-ahantu, ikindi kibazo ni ugusudira byimazeyo uduce duto.Byumwihariko mugihe ugikeneye ibice binini bitewe nimbaraga / ubushobozi busabwa.Gukoresha umwihariko wo kugurisha paste, intambwe idasanzwe yo kugurisha paste templates (shyiramo umubare muto wa paste yagurishijwe aho bikenewe, ariko ugatanga paste ihagije yo kugurisha ibice binini) yatangiye kubahenze cyane.Ndibwira rero ko hari ikibaya, hamwe na miniaturizasi kumuzunguruko urwego rwibibaho ninzira ihenze kandi ishoboka.Muri iyi ngingo, ushobora no gukora byinshi murwego rwa silicon wafer hanyuma ukoroshya umubare wibigize discret kugeza byibuze.
Uzabibona kuri terefone yawe. Ahagana mu 1995, naguze terefone zigendanwa kare mugurisha igaraje kumadorari make buriwese.Icyinshi muri IC kiranyuze mu mwobo. Kumenyekanisha CPU na NE570 compander, nini nini ikoreshwa na IC.
Noneho narangije na terefone zigezweho zavuguruwe.Hariho ibice bike cyane kandi ntakintu kimenyerewe.Mu mubare muto wa IC, ntabwo ubucucike buri hejuru gusa, ahubwo hanashyizweho igishushanyo gishya (reba SDR), gikuraho byinshi. ibice byihariye byari ngombwa.
>.
Hey, natekereje icyitegererezo cya "3D / Wave" kugirango gikemure iki kibazo: cyoroshye aho ibice bito biri, kandi binini cyane aho amashanyarazi ari.
Muri iki gihe, ibice bya SMT ni bito cyane, urashobora gukoresha ibice bya disiketi nyabyo (ntabwo ari 74xx nindi myanda) kugirango ushushanye CPU yawe hanyuma uyisohore kuri PCB. Shyira hamwe na LED, urashobora kubona ikora mugihe nyacyo.
Mu myaka yashize, rwose ndashima iterambere ryihuse ryibintu bito kandi bito.Bitanga iterambere ryinshi, ariko mugihe kimwe, bongeraho urwego rushya rugoye muburyo bwo gutondeka prototyping.
Guhindura no kwigana umuvuduko wikigereranyo cyihuta birihuta cyane kuruta ibyo ukora muri laboratoire.Nkuko inshuro zumuzunguruko wa digitale zizamuka, PCB iba igice cyinteko.Urugero, ingaruka zumurongo woherejwe, gutinda gukwirakwizwa.Prototyping yikintu icyo ari cyo cyose- tekinoroji ya tekinoroji ikoreshwa neza mukurangiza igishushanyo neza, aho kugira ibyo uhindura muri laboratoire.
Kubijyanye nibintu bikunda, isuzuma. Ikibaho cyumuzunguruko hamwe na module ni igisubizo cyo kugabanya ibice no kubanza kugerageza.
Ibi birashobora gutuma ibintu bitakaza "kwishimisha", ariko ndatekereza ko kubona umushinga wawe gukora kunshuro yambere bishobora kuba byiza cyane kubera akazi cyangwa ibyo ukunda.
Nahinduye ibishushanyo bimwe na bimwe kuva mu mwobo njya kuri SMD.Kora ibicuruzwa bihendutse, ariko ntabwo bishimishije kubaka prototypes ukoresheje intoki. Ikosa rito: "ahantu hagereranijwe" hagomba gusomwa nk "isahani ibangikanye".
No.
Ntabwo nashoboraga kubyemera byinshi. Ubunini bwa 0603 ni ubuhe? Birumvikana ko kugumana 0603 nkubunini bwubwami no "guhamagara" ingano ya 0603 0604 (cyangwa 0602) ntabwo bigoye, nubwo bishobora kuba atari tekiniki (urugero: ingano ihuye nubunini-ntabwo aribwo buryo) uko byagenda kose.Birakaze), ariko byibuze buriwese azamenya ikoranabuhanga uvuga (metric / imperial)!
Ati: "Muri rusange, ibice byoroshye nka résistoriste, capacator, na inductor ntabwo bizagenda neza uramutse ubikoze bito."